The DOI matches its Crossref record; 63 of the 64 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Attention gating in short-term visual memory.
Abstract
Subjects first detected a target embedded in a stream of letters presented at the left of fixation and then, as quickly as possible, shifted their attention to a stream of numerals at the right of fixation. They attempted to report, in order, the four earliest occurring numerals after the target. Numerals appeared at rates of 4.6,6.9,9.2, and 13.4/s. Scaling analyses were made of (a) item scores, P,(r), the probability of a numeral from stimulus position i appearing in response position r,r = (l,2,3, 4), and (b) order scores, PiBj, the probability that a numeral from stimulus position / ' appeared earlier in the response than one from stimulus position;'. For all subjects, targets, and numeral rates, the relative position of numerals in the response sequence showed clustering, disorder, and folding. Reported numerals tended to cluster around a stimulus position 400 ms after the target. The numerals were reported in an apparently haphazard order—at high numeral rates, inverted iBj pairs were as frequent as correct pairs. The actual order of report resulted from a mixture of correctly ordered numerals with numerals ordered in the direction opposite to their order of presentation (folding around the cluster center). These results are quantitatively described by a strength theory of order (precedence) and are efficiently predicted by a computational attention gating model (AGM). The AGM makes quantitatively correct predictions of over 500 values ofPt(r), PIBj in 12 conditions with two attention
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“Iconic memory needs to be refreshed every 200 ms (Reeves & Sperling, 1986).”
From On Distinguishing Epistemic from Pragmatic Action (1994) · cites this paper as Reeves & Sperling, 1986
Citations
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Lim, Y. I., & Pratt, J. (2021) · Visual Cognition · doi:10.1080/13506285.2021.1887419
“Early work examining the interaction between temporal and spatial attention relied on the rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) shift paradigm (e.g., Reeves & Sperling, 1986; Weichselgartner & Sperling, 1987).”
BackgroundA Case for Missing Salience in the Attentional Blink
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Miles, J. D. (2007) · doi:10.18130/v3zp18
Applying the attentional blink
Badcock, N. A. (2007) · UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA)
Effect of muscarinic blockade on the speed of attention shifting and learningPreprint
Thiele, A., Milner, A. M., Hall, C., Mayhew, L., Carter, A., & Sanjeev, S. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.05.08.593141
“Orienting paradigms (Posner 1980; Yantis and Jonides 1990; Carlson et al. 2006), paradigms investigating attentional gating (Reeves and Sperling 1986) and visual search paradigms (Wolfe et al. 2000) have been used in different forms.”
BackgroundConfidence for intrusion errors during the attentional blink depends on target-defining features
Junker, M., & Habib, R. (2024) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2024.103725
Rami, Y., Abidli, Z., Hassan, B., Laanaya, H., & Badaoui, B. (2024) · Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science · doi:10.3329/bjms.v23i3.75117
“In light of this, Castest et al. 34 challenge the proposals of the proponents of the modification of receptive fields hypothesis while indicating that the processing of both letters and symbols takes place on representations already stored in memory 60 .”
Sheehan, W. P. (2024) · Springer biographies · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-68800-3_1
Effect of muscarinic blockade on the speed of attention shifting, read-out delays and learning
Thiele, A., Milner, A. M., Hall, C., Mayhew, L., Carter, A., & Sanjeev, S. (2025) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-025-06757-3
Effect of alcohol on the speed of shifting endogenous and exogenous attention.
Thiele, A., Heath, C., Pearson, J., Sanjeev, S., & Read, J. C. A. (2025) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/pha0000774
Synaptic Encoding of Time in Working MemoryPreprint
Mongillo, G., & Tsodyks, M. V. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.04.21.649874
“Experiments with very rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) of the items show that the subjects are unable to report the correct order of presentation, even when the number of items is below capacity Reeves and Sperling [1986].”
THE EFFECTS OF ANXIETY ON VISUAL ATTENTION FOR EMOTIVE STIMULI IN PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN
Kelly, L. (2014) · University of Derby Online Research Archive. (University of Derby)
Orientation volontaire de l’attention visuelle chez l’homme et le macaque Rhésus
Ibos, G. (2009) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/9e1e41a1z4869z4ba6za180z0d6b99513630
IMPLICIT MEMORY GUIDES THE ALLOCATION OF ATTENTION IN TIME: EVIDENCE FROM INTERTRIAL PRIMING
Yashar, A., & Lamy, D. (2011) · Proceedings of Fechner Day
The modulation of visuospatial awareness in the human brain using transcranial magnetic stimulation
Oliver, R. (2011) · UCL Discovery (University College London)
The Roles of Alpha Oscillations in Attentional Blink
Varastegan, S., & Zhang, W. (2026) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.a.2433 · Cited by 1
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Huang, D., Zhu, T., & Chen, Y. (2026) · Med-X · doi:10.1007/s44258-026-00078-6
On metacognition and the dynamics of selective attention
Recht, S. (2019) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/9091ccaez90a4z489fz8603z56a8a1538875
Explaining and Deflating the Perceived Unity of Time
Pedersen, R. (2026) · Review of Philosophy and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s13164-026-00830-2
“…to capture the temporal order of the features (Nishida & Johnston, 2002), or if the cues given are not salient enough to give rise to efficient attentional sampling (Reeves & Sperling, 1986), then the timeline representation of such features would be either indeterminate or just inaccurate.”
Carelli, L. (2011) · Aisberg (University of Bergamo) · doi:10.13122/carelli-laura_phd2011-04-08
Regan, D. M., & Kohly, R. P. (2001) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-21591-4_13
“But the consensus seems to be that such a shift could not be achieved within 20 msec (Reeves and Sperling, 1986; Sperling and Weichselgartner, 1995).”
BackgroundInfluentialNeural Models of Temporally Organized Behaviors: Handwriting Production and Working Memory
Grossberg, S. (1995) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-1919-5_7
“…storage and performance of temporal order information from working memory is not always veridical (Atkinson <md Shiffrin, 1971; Baddeley, 197(); Reeves and Sperling, 1986) The observed deviations from veridical temporal order in S'I'M were shown to follow from two postulates of the algcbra,ic…”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Reeves, A., & Sperling, G.
- Affiliations
- Northeastern University (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Review
- Published
- 1986
- Volume
- 93
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 180-206
- ISSN
- 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1471
- OpenAlex
- W2119524737
- Cited by
- 422
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 15.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Visual Attention and Saliency Detection
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- attentional gating, visual short-term memory, attentional blink, target detection, precedence, stimulus presentation rate
- MeSH terms
- Attention, Form Perception, Humans, Memory, Short-Term, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Psychophysics, Visual Fields
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