Cited by 424Visual perception and processing mechanismsVisual Attention and Saliency DetectionNeural and Behavioral Psychology Studies

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Attention gating in short-term visual memory.

Reeves, Adam, Sperling, George·1986·Psychological Review

DOI 10.1037/0033-295x.93.2.180

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Abstract

Subjects first detected a target embedded in a stream of letters presented at the left of fixation and then, as quickly as possible, shifted their attention to a stream of numerals at the right of fixation. They attempted to report, in order, the four earliest occurring numerals after the target. Numerals appeared at rates of 4.6,6.9,9.2, and 13.4/s. Scaling analyses were made of (a) item scores, P,(r), the probability of a numeral from stimulus position i appearing in response position r,r = (l,2,3, 4), and (b) order scores, PiBj, the probability that a numeral from stimulus position / ' appeared earlier in the response than one from stimulus position;'. For all subjects, targets, and numeral rates, the relative position of numerals in the response sequence showed clustering, disorder, and folding. Reported numerals tended to cluster around a stimulus position 400 ms after the target. The numerals were reported in an apparently haphazard order—at high numeral rates, inverted iBj pairs were as frequent as correct pairs. The actual order of report resulted from a mixture of correctly ordered numerals with numerals ordered in the direction opposite to their order of presentation (folding around the cluster center). These results are quantitatively described by a strength theory of order (precedence) and are efficiently predicted by a computational attention gating model (AGM). The AGM makes quantitatively correct predictions of over 500 values ofPt(r), PIBj in 12 conditions with two attention

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“Relative-order scoring has been used as a standard measure in many previous studies of this nature (e.g., Addis & Kahana, 2004; Drewnowski & Murdock, 1980; Klein, Addis, & Kahana, 2005; Nyberg et al., 2003; Reeves & Sperling, 1986).”
Method
A Framework for Understanding the Allocation of Attention in Location-Precued Discrimination
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“…James, 1986); the gradient model of attention, in which the size and shape of the concentration of attention can vary with the task demands (LaBerge & Brown, 1989); and the attention gating model, in which a signal allows the opening of a gate in an appropriate channel (Reeves & Sperling, 1986).”
BackgroundMethod
Gaze behavior in audiovisual speech perception: The influence of ocular fixations on the McGurk effect
Paré, M., Richler, R. C., ten Hove, M., & Munhall, K. G. (2003) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03194582 · Cited by 91
“This is, however, not necessarily the case (e.g., Posner, 1980; Reeves & Sperling, 1986 ), although some have argued that when subjects are allowed to search a visual scene, there is very little room for attentional shifts additional to those associated with the execution of eye movements (Maioli, Benaglio, Siri, Sost…”
Background
Attention as inference: Selection is probabilistic; responses are all-or-none samples.
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“It is tempting to interpret this graded variation as indicating that selection itself is graded (Botella & Eriksen, 1992; Reeves & Sperling, 1986; Weichselgartner & Sperling, 1987).”
Background
The attentional blink in space and time
Kristjansson, A. K., & Nakayama, K. (2002) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/s0042-6989(02)00129-3 · Cited by 84
“Reeves and Sperling (1985), presented two targets in different locations, with a certain time lag between the two, but they did not look at differences in locations explicitly.”
Background
The speed of attentional shifts in the visual field.
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“This is well within the time it takes to deploy attention to a nonfoveal location in the visual field (e.g., see Reeves & Sperling, 1986; Tsal, 1983).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Large and rapid improvement in form discrimination accuracy following a location precue
Lyon, D. R. (1990) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/0001-6918(90)90059-o · Cited by 79
Tracking the changing features of multiple objects: Progressively poorer perceptual precision and progressively greater perceptual lag
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“These studies have typically reported values in the range of several hundred milliseconds (e.g. Duncan, Ward, & Shapiro, 1994; Horowitz, Holcombe, Wolfe, Arsenio, & DiMase, 2004; Reeves & Sperling, 1986; Ward, Duncan, & Shapiro, 1996; Weichselgartner & Sperling, 1987).”
Background
Temporal target integration underlies performance at lag 1 in the attentional blink.
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“…these assumptions, eSTST was shown to be capable of providing accurate simulations of identification accuracy and report order in various RSVP tasks, including tasks similar to the task used by Reeves and Sperling (1986), and the dual-target partial report tasks typically used in studies of the AB.”
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Temporal properties of the polarity advantage effect in crowding
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“…to a spotlight (Posner, 1980), a zoom-lens (Eriksen & St. James, 1986), and a peak in an activity distribution (LaBerge, 1995); suppression of surrounding signals has been compared to a gate (Reeves & Sperling, 1986) and to troughs surrounding a peak in an activity distribution (LaBerge, 1995).”
Self-citation
Gating or switching? Gating is a better model of prospective timing (a response to ‘switching or gating?’ by Lejeune)
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A common perceptual temporal limit of binding synchronous inputs across different sensory attributes and modalities
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Errors of judgement at Greenwich in 1796
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A dynamic normalization model of temporal attention
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“τS2 time constant 100 [69 120]”
Visual Imagery Selectively Reduces Vernier Acuity
Craver-Lemley, C., & Reeves, A. (1987) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p160599 · Cited by 72
“Experiments which involve shortterm visual memory may show attentional (Reeves and Sperling 1986) and masking (Bongartz and Scheerer 1976) effects which extend over 0.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Attention and luminance detection: Effects of cues, masks, and pedestals.
Smith, P. L. (2000) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037//0096-1523.26.4.1401 · Cited by 72
Putting together connectionism – again
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Attention flexibly trades off across points in time
Denison, R. N., Heeger, D. J., & Carrasco, M. (2017) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-016-1216-1 · Cited by 71
“…of temporal processing limitations for longer, more rapid sequences, and sequences with irrelevant (nontarget) items (Broadbent & Broadbent, 1987; Duncan, Ward, & Shapiro, 1994; Nieuwenstein, Van der Burg, Theeuwes, Wyble, & Potter, 2009; Reeves & Sperling, 1986; Weichselgartner & Sperling, 1987).”

Authors: Reeves, A., & Sperling, G.
Affiliations: Northeastern University (US)
ORCID: Reeves, Adam
Sperling, George
Venue: Psychological Review
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1986
Volume: 93
Issue: 2
Pages: 180-206
ISSN: 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
1939-1471
DOI: 10.1037/0033-295x.93.2.180
OpenAlex: W2119524737
Cited by: 422
References: 64
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 14
FWCI: 15.46
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Visual Attention and Saliency Detection
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Keywords: attentional gating, visual short-term memory, attentional blink, target detection, precedence, stimulus presentation rate
MeSH terms: Attention, Form Perception, Humans, Memory, Short-Term, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Psychophysics, Visual Fields

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Attention gating in short-term visual memory.

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