Two routes or one in reading aloud? A connectionist dual-process model.
Abstract
A connectionist study of word reading is described that emphasizes the computational demands of the spelling-sound mapping in determining the properties of the reading system. It is shown that the phonological assembly process can be implemented by a two-layer network, which easily extracts the regularities in the spelling-sound mapping for English from training data containing many exception words. It is argued that productive knowledge about spelling-sound relationships is more easily acquired and used if it is separated from case-specific knowledge of the pronunciation of known words. It is then shown how the interaction of assembled and retrieved phonologies can account for the combined effects of frequency and regularity-consistency and for the reading performance of dyslexic patients. It is concluded that the organization of the reading system reflects the demands of the task and that the pronunciations of nonwords and exception words are computed by different processes.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Associations between sublexical orthographic and phonological representations arise via supervised learning.
“Finally, we follow Zorzi et al., (1998) and Perry et al. (2007) in proposing that the associations established between sublexical orthographic and phonological representations (such as graphemes and phonemes) arise via supervised learning.”
From A Dual-Route Approach to Orthographic Processing (2011) · cites this paper as Zorzi et al., 1998
Cites
WIDROW, B., & HOFF, M. E. (1960) · doi:10.21236/ad0241531 · Cited by 4,009 · see citing works
The special role of rimes in the description, use, and acquisition of English orthography.
Treiman, R., Mullennix, J., Bijeljac-Babic, R., & Richmond-Welty, E. D. (1995) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.124.2.107 · Cited by 556 · see citing works
Serial processing in reading aloud: Evidence for dual-route models of reading.
Coltheart, M., & Rastle, K. (1994) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.20.6.1197 · Cited by 391 · see citing works
Conspiracy effects in word pronunciation
Taraban, R., & McClelland, J. L. (1987) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/0749-596x(87)90105-7 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Not all nonwords are alike: Implications for reading development and theory
Treiman, R., Goswami, U., & Bruck, M. (1990) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03197098 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Ellis, N. C. (2002) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263102002024 · Cited by 2,230 · see citing works
Share, D. L. (2008) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.134.4.584 · Cited by 1,022 · see citing works
The effect of word predictability on reading time is logarithmic
Smith, N. J., & Levy, R. (2013) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2013.02.013 · Cited by 725 · see citing works
Beyond phonological skills: broader language skills contribute to the development of reading
Nation, K., & Snowling, M. J. (2004) · Journal of Research in Reading · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9817.2004.00238.x · Cited by 669 · see citing works
A cultural effect on brain function
Paulesu, E., McCrory, E., Fazio, F., Menoncello, L., Brunswick, N., Cappa, S. F., Cotelli, M., Cossu, G., Corte, F., Lorusso, M., et al. (2000) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/71163 · Cited by 602 · see citing works
A Dual-Route Approach to Orthographic Processing
Grainger, J., & Ziegler, J. C. (2011) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00054 · Cited by 459 · see citing works
Reading normal and degraded words: Contribution of the dorsal and ventral visual pathways.
Cohen, L., Dehaene, S., Vinckier, F., Jobert, A., & Montavont, A. (2008) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.11.036 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Ziegler, J. C., Perry, C., & Zorzi, M. (2014) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0397 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Self-citationMultiple perspectives on word production
Levelt, W. J. M., Roelofs, A., & Meyer, A. S. (1999) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x99451775 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
- Authors
- Zorzi, M., Houghton, G., & Butterworth, B.
- Affiliations
- University of Trieste (IT)
- University College London (GB)
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance
- Published
- 1998-08
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1131-1161
- ISSN
- 0096-1523 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1277
- OpenAlex
- W2004503299
- Cited by
- 339
- References
- 5
- Citations by year
- 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 32.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Padua Research Archive (University of Padova) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Phonetics and Phonology Research
- Keywords
- reading aloud, word reading, connectionist models, dual-process models, exception words, pseudowords, word frequency, dyslexia
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
