Reading normal and degraded words: Contribution of the dorsal and ventral visual pathways.
Abstract
Fast, parallel word recognition, in expert readers, relies on sectors of the left ventral occipito-temporal pathway collectively known as the visual word form area. This expertise is thought to arise from perceptual learning mechanisms that extract informative features from the input strings. The perceptual expertise hypothesis leads to two predictions: (1) parallel word recognition, based on the ventral visual system, should be limited to words displayed in a familiar format (foveal horizontal words with normally spaced letters); (2) words displayed in formats outside this field of expertise should be read serially, under supervision of dorsal parietal attention systems. We presented adult readers with words that were progressively degraded in three different ways (word rotation, letter spacing, and displacement to the visual periphery). Behaviorally, we identified degradation thresholds above which reading difficulty increased non-linearly, with the concomitant emergence of a word length effect on reading latencies reflecting serial reading strategies. fMRI activations were correlated with reading difficulty in bilateral occipito-temporal and parietal regions, reflecting the strategies required to identify degraded words. A core region of the intraparietal cortex was engaged in all modes of degradation. Furthermore, in the ventral pathway, word degradation led to an amplification of activation in the posterior visual word form area, at a level thought to encode single letters. We also found an effect of word length restricted to highly degraded words in bilateral occipitoparietal regions. Those results clarify when and how the ventral parallel visual word form system needs to be supplemented by the deployment of dorsal serial reading strategies.
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Bilateral PPC shows responses that increase with word visibility.
“In bilateral PPC (Cohen et al., 2008; Vinckier et al., 2006), we found increasing responses to word visibility (Supplementary Figure 4).”
From The Development of Cortical Sensitivity to Visual Word Forms (2011) · cites this paper as Cohen et al., 2008
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BackgroundMethodInfluentialPeyrin, C., Démonet, J., Nguyen-Morel, M.-A., Bas, J. F. L., & Valdois, S. (2010) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2010.06.005 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
“Contribution of the dorsal parietal cortex – including the left superior parietal lobule – to skilled reading has been more specifically documented when adult subjects were reading degraded words (Cohen et al., 2008; Pammer, Hansen, Holliday, & Cornelissen, 2006) or long pseudo-words (Juphard, Carbonnel, & Valdois, 20…”
BackgroundSchurz, M., Sturm, D., Richlan, F., Kronbichler, M., Ladurner, G., & Wimmer, H. (2009) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.10.082 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
“A length by lexicality interaction was also found in a left superior parietal region, presumably engaged by serial visual attention (Cohen et al., 2008), and in left frontal (SMA, precentral) and cerebellar regions, presumably engaged by silent articulatory processes.”
InfluentialNeural bases of orthographic long-term memory and working memory in dysgraphia
Rapp, B. C., Purcell, J. J., Hillis, A. E., Capasso, R., & Miceli, G. (2015) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awv348 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
“down’ amplification of orthographic information (Cohen et al., 2008) and serially directed attention”
BackgroundResultInfluentialFunctional neuroanatomy of developmental dyslexia: the role of orthographic depth
Richlan, F. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00347 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
“…dysfunction in dyslexic readers, the prediction would be reduced dyslexic taskpositive activation in shallow orthographies (with reliance on rule-based grapheme-phoneme conversion) or when serial processing is emphasized by task or stimulus demands (e.g., Cohen et al., 2008; Rosazza et al., 2009).”
BackgroundThe Role of Visual Processing Speed in Reading Speed Development
Lobier, M., Dubois, M., & Valdois, S. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0058097 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Rotating With Rotated Text: A Natural Behavior Approach to Investigating Cognitive Offloading
Risko, E. F., Medimorec, S., Chisholm, J. D., & Kingstone, A. F. (2013) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/cogs.12087 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Holistic Processing of Words Modulated by Reading Experience
Wong, A. C. ‐., Bukach, C. M., Yuen, C., Yang, L., Leung, S., & Greenspon, E. B. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020753 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“One could question, however, whether perception of impoverished situations (by masking, noise introduction, or peripheral presentation) is representative of normal word perception processes [35].”
BackgroundLiteracy breaks mirror invariance for visual stimuli: A behavioral study with adult illiterates.
Pegado, F., Nakamura, K., Braga, L. W., Ventura, P., Filho, G. N., Pallier, C., Jobert, A., Morais, J., Cohen, L., Kolinsky, R., et al. (2013) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/a0033198 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Self-citationSequential or simultaneous visual processing deficit in developmental dyslexia?
Lassus‐Sangosse, D., Nguyen-Morel, M.-A., & Valdois, S. (2008) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2008.01.025 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Lobier, M., Peyrin, C., Pichat, C., Bas, J. L., & Valdois, S. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00479 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Lallier, M., & Carreiras, M. (2017) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-017-1273-0 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Position sensitivity in the visual word form area
Rauschecker, A. M., Bowen, R. F., Parvizi, J., & Wandell, B. A. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1121304109 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Reilhac, C., Peyrin, C., Démonet, J., & Valdois, S. (2012) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.12.010 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Schelonka, K., Graulty, C. J., Canseco-Gonzalez, E., & Pitts, M. A. (2017) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2017.04.009 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Feng, X.-X., Altarelli, I., Monzalvo, K., Ding, G.-S., Ramus, F., Shu, H., Dehaene, S., Meng, X.-Z., & Dehaene-Lambertz, G. (2020) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.54591 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“501 Brain imaging research has well documented the role of the left intraparietal sulcus in 502 visuo-spatial encoding and attention (Davranche et al., 2011; Offen et al., 2010), including the 503 serial analysis of letters in a word or pseudoword (Cohen et al., 2008).”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe phonological and visual basis of developmental dyslexia in Brazilian Portuguese reading children
Germano, G. D., Reilhac, C., Capellini, S. A., & Valdois, S. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01169 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“Like VC and VA span tasks, parietal regions including the superior parietal lobes were found activated while children performed mental transformations (Jordan et al., 2001; Cohen et al., 2008).”
BackgroundQiao, E., Vinckier, F., Szwed, M., Naccache, L., Valabrègue, R., Dehaene, S., & Cohen, L. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.09.034 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“Second, do handwritten stimuli, by 120 their very nature, always require an additional deployment of dorsal 121 parietal attention mechanisms, as seen with degraded printed words 122 (Cohen et al., 2008)?”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationValdois, S., Peyrin, C., Lassus‐Sangosse, D., Lallier, M., Démonet, J., & Kandel, S. (2013) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2013.11.006 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Orthographic processing deficits in developmental dyslexia: Beyond the ventral visual stream
Boros, M., Anton, J., Pech-Georgel, C., Grainger, J., Szwed, M., & Ziegler, J. (2016) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.01.014 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“…to encompass the reading activations in the localizer scan and similar activations in the corresponding region reported in the reading literature (see e.g. Szwed et al., 2014, 2011; Cohen and Dehaene, 2004 for the VWFA and Cohen et al., 2008; Monzalvo et al., 2012 for themiddle occipital gyrus).”
BackgroundResultKim, J. S., Kanjlia, S., Merabet, L. B., & Bedny, M. (2017) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0997-17.2017 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
The role of invariant line junctions in object and visual word recognition
Marcin Szwed, A., Cohen, L., Qiao, E., & Dehaene, S. (2009) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2009.01.003 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“Thus, reading rotated, spaced, displaced ( Cohen, Dehaene, Vinckier, Jobert, & Montavont, 2008 ) and difficult handwritten (Qiao et al., submitted for publication) words activates additional serial reading mechanisms driven by top-down influences from the parietal cortex.”
Self-citationImpaired recognition of faces and objects in dyslexia: Evidence for ventral stream dysfunction?
Sigurdardottir, H. M., Ívarsson, E., Kristinsdóttir, K., & Kristjánsson, Á. (2015) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/neu0000188 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Reading without the left ventral occipito-temporal cortex
Seghier, M. L., Neufeld, N. H., Zeidman, P., Leff, A. P., Mechelli, A., Nagendran, A., Riddoch, J. M., Humphreys, G. W., & Price, C. J. (2012) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.09.030 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
The cortical representation of simple mathematical expressions
Maruyama, M., Pallier, C., Jobert, A., Sigman, M., & Dehaene, S. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.04.020 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationRichlan, F., Gagl, B., Hawelka, S., Braun, M., Schurz, M., Kronbichler, M., & Hutzler, F. (2013) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bht117 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“…as this finding replicates findings from previous fMRI studies with reading material, which used traditional analysis (e.g., Carreiras et al. 2007; Fiebach et al. 2007; Jobard et al. 2007; Cohen et al. 2008; Kronbichler et al. 2009; Van der Mark et al. 2009; Schurz et al. 2010; Twomey et al. 2011).”
ResultRight visual field advantage in parafoveal processing: Evidence from eye-fixation-related potentials
Simola, J., Holmqvist, K., & Lindgren, M. P. (2009) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2009.08.004 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Lobier, M., Peyrin, C., Bas, J. L., & Valdois, S. (2012) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.05.023 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“Disrupted word spatial layout has been repeatedly associated to increased parietal activations in word reading (Cohen et al., 2008; Mayall et al., 2001; Pammer et al., 2006; Rosazza et al., 2009).”
BackgroundResultA mesial-to-lateral dissociation for orthographic processing in the visual cortex
Bouhali, F., Bézagu, Z., Dehaene, S., & Cohen, L. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1904184116 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citationPleisch, G., Karipidis, I. I., Brauchli, C., Röthlisberger, M., Hofstetter, C., Stämpfli, P., Walitza, S., & Brem, S. (2019) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.01.046 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“A series of previous studies suggest that the activation of the vOT or N1 is modulated by attentional mechanisms through its link to the dorsal attention network (Christophel et al., 2018; Cohen et al., 2008; Luck et al., 2000; Vogel et al., 2012; Vogel and Luck, 2000; Yoncheva et al., 2015).”
Zhou, W., Xia, Z., Bi, Y., & Shu, H. (2015) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00495 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Distinct mechanisms and timing of language recovery after stroke
Jarso, S., Li, M., Faria, A. V., Davis, C. L., Leigh, R. J., Sebastian, R., Tsapkini, K., Mori, S., & Hillis, A. E. (2013) · Cognitive Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/02643294.2013.875467 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“That is, on this task, Participant 5 showed areas of activation seen in normal controls during similar reading tasks (Cohen et al., 2008; Turkeltaub et al., 2002; Vinckier et al., in press), including bilateral IFG, superior frontal gyrus (SFG), superior temporal gyrus (STG), middle temporal gyrus…”
BackgroundBeek, L. V., Ghesquière, P., Lagae, L. G., & Smedt, B. D. (2013) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.12.030 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“…of a left fronto-temporo-parietal network during reading tasks, especially when appealing to phonological skills, i.e. during reading of unfamiliar letter strings, such as nonwords, and at the initial stages of reading development (Cohen et al., 2008; Pugh et al., 2000; Simos et al., 2002).”
BackgroundInfluentialCognitive dimensions of learning in children with problems in attention, learning, and memory.
Holmes, J., Guy, J., Kievit, R., Bryant, A., Mareva, S., CALM Team, & Gathercole, S. E. (2020) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/edu0000644 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
den Broeck, W. V., & Geudens, A. (2012) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2012.06.003 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Brain activation on pre‐reading tasks reveals at‐risk status for dyslexia in 6‐year‐old children
Specht, K., Hugdahl, K., Ofte, S. H., Nygård, M., Bjørnerud, A., Plante, E., & Helland, T. (2008) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2008.00688.x · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“This is in line with a recent study by Cohen and coworkers, which showed an increased parietal activation with increased degradation of the words ( Cohen, Dehaene, Vinckier, Jobert & Montavont, 2008 ).”
ResultThe role of the ventral and dorsal pathways in reading Chinese characters and English words
Sun, Y., Yang, Y., Desroches, A. S., Liu, L., & Peng, D. (2011) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2011.03.012 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
The effects of interletter spacing in visual-word recognition
Perea, M., Moret‐Tatay, C., & Gómez, P. (2011) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2011.04.003 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“At first glance, the present findings may seem at odds with the null effect of interletter spacing on response times reported by Cohen et al. (2008).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialA functional investigation of RAN letters, digits, and objects: How similar are they?
Cummine, J., Szepesvari, E., Chouinard, B., Hanif, W., & Georgiou, G. K. (2014) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2014.08.038 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“[6] Cohen L, Dehaene S, Vinckier F, Jobert A, Montavont A.”
InfluentialDiagnosing the Neural Circuitry of Reading
Wandell, B. A., & Le, R. K. (2017) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2017.08.007 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“Specific Circuit Models Models of the VOT reading circuitry should incorporate a role for mechanisms that modulate responses within the reading circuitry as task demands change (Rauschecker et al., 2012; Cohen et al., 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialMoulton, E., Bouhali, F., Monzalvo, K., Poupon, C., Zhang, H., Dehaene, S., Dehaene-Lambertz, G., & Dubois, J. (2019) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-019-01855-3 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Moreover, the increased activation of the parietal lobes in viewing such distorted words is accompanied by more posterior activity of the VWFA than when viewing words in their normal format (Cohen et al. 2008), perhaps due to the ventral-to-dorsal connections of this area (Yeatman et al.”
BackgroundSelf-citationIncreasing interletter spacing facilitates encoding of words
Perea, M., & Gómez, P. (2012) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-011-0214-6 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Schurz, M., Kronbichler, M., Crone, J. S., Richlan, F., Klackl, J., & Wimmer, H. (2013) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22281 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Such pathway was linked to sublexical reading processes [Cohen et al., 2008; Levy et al., 2009; Richlan et al., 2010].”
BackgroundEllingson, B. M., Kurpad, S. N., & Schmit, B. D. (2008) · Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1002/jmri.21578 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Early involvement of dorsal and ventral pathways in visual word recognition: An ERP study
Rosazza, C., Cai, Q., Minati, L., Paulignan, Y., & Nazir, T. A. (2009) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2009.03.033 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Since right parietal lobe activity is associated with visual attention (e.g. Corbetta and Shulman, 1998), increased PPC activity has been interpreted as indicating higher attentional demands.”
BackgroundXu, M., Wang, T., Chen, S., Fox, P. T., & Tan, L. H. (2015) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22792 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“…dorsal portion of left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) are proposed to be involved in letter-sound transformation and phonological processing [Booth et al., 2002; Cohen et al., 2008; Eden et al., 2004; Gabrieli, 2009; He et al., 2013; Hoeft et al., 2006; Paulesu et al., 2000; Poldrack et al., 1999].”
BackgroundHannagan, T., Agrawal, A., Cohen, L., & Dehaene, S. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · doi:10.1073/pnas.2104779118 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationCummine, J., Gould, L. A., Zhou, C., Hrybouski, S., Siddiqi, Z., Chouinard, B., & Borowsky, R. (2012) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2012.04.009 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“…al., 2000; Sandak et al., 2004; Schurz et al., 2010; Shaywitz et al., 2002), the supplementary motor area (SMA; Cohen et al., 2008; Cummine, Sarty, & Borowsky, 2010), and the precentral gyrus/BA6 (Bokde, Tagamets, Friedman, & Horwitz, 2001; Cohen et al., 2008; Gold, Balota, Kirchhoff et al., 2005).”
InfluentialDanelli, L., Cossu, G., Berlingeri, M., Bottini, G., Sberna, M., & Paulesu, E. (2012) · Neurocase · doi:10.1080/13554794.2011.654226 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Graves, W. W., Purcell, J. J., Rothlein, D., Bolger, D. J., Rosenberg‐Lee, M., & Staples, R. (2022) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-022-02590-y · Cited by 46 · see citing works
The impact of letter spacing on reading: A test of the bigram coding hypothesis
Vinckier, F., Qiao, E., Pallier, C., Dehaene, S., & Cohen, L. (2011) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/11.6.8 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Above a threshold of about 2 spaces between consecutive letters, concomitant with performance reduction, there is a sudden increase in BOLD signal in bilateral posterior intraparietal areas that do not belong to the typical reading network (Cohen et al., 2008).”
BackgroundSelf-citationYablonski, M., Rastle, K., Taylor, J. S. H., & Ben‐Shachar, M. (2018) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2018.06.011 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“…studies contribute to the predominant view that skilled reading is supported by two complementary routes, the dorsal and ventral streams (Cohen, Dehaene, Vinckier, Jobert, & Montavont, 2008; Cummine et al., 2015; Dehaene, 2009; Jobard, Crivello, & Tzourio-Mazoyer, 2003; Taylor et al., 2013).”
A biologically realistic cortical model of eye movement control in reading.
Heinzle, J., Hepp, K., & Martin, K. A. C. (2010) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0019575 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Learning-dependent plasticity with and without training in the human brain
Zhang, J., & Kourtzi, Z. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1002506107 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Don't words come easy? A psychophysical exploration of word superiority
Starrfelt, R., Petersen, A., & Vangkilde, S. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00519 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“…has been suggested that the VWFA and the ventral visual stream contribute significantly to processing of words in a canonical format, while attentional mechanisms, relying more on the dorsal stream may a role when words in distorted formats are processed (Vinckier et al., 2007; Cohen et al., 2008).”
BackgroundBlueprint for a Universal Theory of Learning to Read: The Combinatorial Model
Share, D. L. (2025) · Reading Research Quarterly · doi:10.1002/rrq.603 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
The roles of occipitotemporal cortex in reading, spelling, and naming
Sebastian, R., Gomez, Y., Leigh, R. J., Davis, C. L., Newhart, M., & Hillis, A. E. (2014) · Cognitive Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/02643294.2014.884060 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Functional activation during reading in relation to the sulci of the angular gyrus region
Segal, E., & Petrides, M. (2013) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.12277 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“The activation often spreads into the central part of the fusiform gyrus at various anterior–posterior coordinates (Cohen et al., 2000, 2002, 2008; McCandliss et al., 2003; Cohen & Dehaene, 2004; Dehaene & Cohen, 2011; Szwed et al., 2011) (Fig.”
BackgroundZhou, W., & Hua Shu, A. (2017) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.683 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Brain mechanisms of recovery from pure alexia: A single case study with multiple longitudinal scans.
Cohen, L., Dehaene, S., McCormick, S. F., Durant, S., & Zanker, J. (2016) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.07.009 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Those regions have been repeatedly shown to subtend attention and verbal working memory (see e.g. Chen and Desmond, 2005; Cohen et al., 2008; Schulze et al., 2011), processes which are clearly prerequisite to lexical access during LBL reading.”
Self-citationA Spatiotemporal Map of Reading Aloud
Woolnough, O., Donos, C., Curtis, A., Rollo, P. S., Roccaforte, Z. J., Dehaene, S., Fischer‐Baum, S., & Tandon, N. (2022) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2324-21.2022 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationThe effect of decreased interletter spacing on orthographic processing
Montani, V., Facoetti, A., & Zorzi, M. (2014) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-014-0728-9 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
González, G. F., Žari'c, G., Tijms, J., Bonte, M., Blomert, L., Leppänen, P., & van der Molen, M. J. W. (2016) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2016.05.001 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Visual Experience Shapes Orthographic Representations in the Visual Word Form Area
Wimmer, H., Ludersdorfer, P., Richlan, F., & Kronbichler, M. (2016) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797616657319 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Furthermore, Vinckier et al. (2006) described a patient with a left parietal lesion who exhibited severe reading impairment when words were presented in the attentionally demanding displays of Cohen et al. (2008) but no impairment for words presented in the familiar format.”
BackgroundVoxel-based lesion analysis of brain regions underlying reading and writing
Baldo, J. V., Kacinik, N. A., Ludy, C. A., Paulraj, S. R., Moncrief, A., Piai, V., Curran, B. C., Turken, A. U., Herron, T. J., & Dronkers, N. F. (2018) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.03.021 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Engaging in word recognition elicits highly specific modulations in visual cortex
White, A. L., Kay, K., Tang, K. A., & Yeatman, J. D. (2023) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2023.02.042 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Pathways of the inferior frontal occipital fasciculus in overt speech and reading
Rollans, C., Cheema, K., Georgiou, G. K., & Cummine, J. (2017) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.09.011 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“…processes and described the interconnected brain regions involved in reading and speech production (Pugh et al., 2000; Joubert et al., 2004; Borowsky et al., 2006; Cohen et al., 2008; Saur et al., 2008; Steinbrink et al., 2008; Cummine et al., 2013, 2015; see also Price, 2010; 2012, for reviews).”
BackgroundBen‐Yehudah, G., Hirshorn, E. A., Simcox, T., Perfetti, C. A., & Fiez, J. A. (2018) · Journal of Neurolinguistics · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroling.2018.01.002 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Reading sentences of words with rotated letters: An eye movement study
Blythe, H. I., Juhasz, B. J., Tbaily, L., Rayner, K., & Liversedge, S. P. (2018) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/1747021818810381 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“In a neuroimaging study, Cohen et al. (2008) presented participants with short French words presented at five different rotations clockwise or anti-clockwise (0°, 22.5°, 45°, 67.5°, and 90°). Participants performed an animal detection task. The behavioural results demonstrated a significant slowing of responses beginn…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialProtopapas, A., Orfanidou, E., Taylor, J. S. H., Karavasilis, E., Kapnoula, E. C., Panagiotaropoulou, G., Velonakis, G., Poulou, L. S., Smyrnis, N., & Kelekis, D. (2016) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.01.013 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Temporal Integration in Visual Word Recognition
Forget, J., Buiatti, M., & Dehaene, S. (2009) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2009.21300 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationEarly Top-Down Modulation in Visual Word Form Processing: Evidence From an Intracranial SEEG Study
Liu, Y., Shi, G., Li, M., Xing, H., Song, Y., Xiao, L., Guan, Y., & Han, Z. (2021) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2288-20.2021 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“…including the processing of word form (e.g., word length, letter order, and radical position) and high-level lexical information (e.g., phonology and semantics; Carreiras et al., 2014), which is supported by a wide variety of brain regions (Coltheart et al., 2010; Woollams et al., 2011).”
BackgroundJobard, G., Vigneau, M., Simon, G., & Tzourio‐Mazoyer, N. (2010) · Journal of Neurolinguistics · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroling.2010.09.002 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
(Con)text-specific effects of visual dysfunction on reading in posterior cortical atrophy
Yong, K. X. X., Shakespeare, T. J., Cash, D. M., Henley, S. M. D., Warren, J. D., & Crutch, S. J. (2014) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2014.03.010 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Distinct Neural Specializations for Learning to Read Words and Name Objects
Taylor, J. S. H., Rastle, K., & Davis, M. H. (2014) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00614 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“However, these studies either used words or letters (Cohen et al., 2008; Bosse et al., 2007), which automatically activate their linguistic associations (Ziegler, Pech-Georgel, Dufau, & Grainger, 2010), or involved categorizing visual stimuli (e.g., indicating how many elements of a particular…”
BackgroundGrande, M., Meffert, E., Huber, W., Amunts, K., & Heim, S. (2011) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.05.033 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Cohen et al. (2008) explicitly investigated word length effects on brain activation.”
BackgroundDefault spacing is the optimal spacing for word reading
van den Boer, M., & Hakvoort, B. E. (2014) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470218.2014.964272 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Furthermore, in a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, Cohen et al. (2008) found that increasing word degradation, measured by manipulations in spacing, rotation, and position, induced activation of a second neural pathway in addition to activation in the visual word form area, which…”
BackgroundInfluentialAdaptation of the human visual system to the statistics of letters and line configurations
Chang, C. H. C., Pallier, C., Wu, D. H., Nakamura, K., Jobert, A., Kuo, W., & Dehaene, S. (2015) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.07.028 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Images are SPMt maps (N = 18, thresholded at T N 3.12, voxelwise p b .001, uncorrected ; clusterwise p b 0.05, FDR corrected). effortful deciphering (Cohen et al., 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationHow does inattention affect written and spoken language processing?
Cohen, L., Salondy, P., Pallier, C., & Dehaene, S. (2021) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2021.02.007 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationBraun, M., Hutzler, F., Münte, T. F., Rotte, M., Dambacher, M., Richlan, F., & Jacobs, A. M. (2015) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.03.035 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Such a spelling-check probably operates in a serial fashion (e.g., Gaillard et al., 2006; Cohen et al., 2008).”
Neural correlates of single word reading in bilingual children and adults
Hernández, A. E., Woods, E. A., & Bradley, K. (2015) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2015.01.010 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Borghesani, V., Hinkley, L. B. N., Ranasinghe, K. G., Thompson, M. M. C., Shwe, W., Mizuiri, D., Lauricella, M., Europa, E., Honma, S., Miller, Z., et al. (2020) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awaa212 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Qian, Y., Deng, Y., Zhao, J., & Bi, H. (2015) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.03.024 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“For instance, the right PPC may be involved in switching attention from global (word) to local (letter) levels, as well as top-down amplification of letter detectors in the ventral stream (Cohen et al., 2008).”
BackgroundTransposed letter priming with horizontal and vertical text in Japanese and English readers.
Witzel, N., Qiao, X., & Forster, K. I. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/a0022194 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
- Authors
- Cohen, L., Dehaene, S., Vinckier, F., Jobert, A., & Montavont, A.
- Affiliations
- Inserm (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Cohen, Laurent
- Venue
- NeuroImage
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-03-01
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 353-366
- ISSN
- 1053-8119 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2034546135
- Cited by
- 303
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 30
- FWCI
- 17.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- NeuroImage (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Keywords
- visual word recognition, visual word form area, dorsal visual pathway, ventral stream, perceptual expertise, intraparietal cortex, letter spacing, visual periphery, word length effect, reading latency
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Attention, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Nerve Net, Occipital Lobe, Orientation, Parietal Lobe, Photic Stimulation, Reading, Temporal Lobe, Visual Pathways, Recognition, Psychology
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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