The DOI matches its Crossref record; 57 of the 57 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Orthographic, phonological, and articulatory contributions to masked letter and word priming
Abstract
A series of experiments assessed masked priming for letters and words that are visually similar (SIM) and dissimilar (DIS) in upper- and lowercase formats. For letters, robust DIS priming was obtained in a naming task, but this priming did not extend to a variety of non-naming tasks. For words, robust DIS priming was obtained in both naming and non-naming tasks. SIM letter and word priming extended to all tasks, but the effects were generally small for letters. The restricted set of conditions for DIS letter priming suggests that this priming is mediated by phonological-articulatory processes, and the generality of DIS word priming argues that abstract orthographic codes mediate these effects. Consistent with this conclusion, priming between homophones (for both letters and words) was found in a naming task, but little word homophone priming was obtained in a lexical decision task.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Rather, the case invariance observed in several psychological experiments (e.g. Besner et al., 1984; Bowers et al., 1998) must arise from specialization resulting from a learning process.”
From Specialization within the ventral stream: the case for the visual word form area (2004) · cites this paper as Bowers et al., 1998
Citations
Cites
(1967) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 7,532
McClelland, J. L., & Rumelhart, D. E. (1981) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.88.5.375 · Cited by 4,889
A distributed, developmental model of word recognition and naming.
Seidenberg, M. S., & McClelland, J. L. (1989) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.96.4.523 · Cited by 3,909
Facilitation in recognizing pairs of words: Evidence of a dependence between retrieval operations.
Meyer, D. E., & Schvaneveldt, R. W. (1971) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0031564 · Cited by 2,974
FREQUENCY ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH USAGE: LEXICON AND GRAMMAR
Francis, W. N., Kučera, H., & Mackie, A. W. (1983) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,310
Repetition priming and frequency attenuation in lexical access.
Forster, K. I., & Davis, C. (1984) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.10.4.680 · Cited by 1,414
Perceptual recognition as a function of meaningfulness of stimulus material
Reicher, G. M. (1969) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0027768 · Cited by 1,252
A ROWS is a ROSE: Spelling, sound, and reading
van Orden, G. C. (1987) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03197716 · Cited by 867
Integrating information across eye movements
Rayner, K., McConkie, G. W., & Zola, D. (1980) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(80)90009-2 · Cited by 484
Serial processing in reading aloud: Evidence for dual-route models of reading.
Coltheart, M., & Rastle, K. (1994) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.20.6.1197 · Cited by 391
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–139 of 139
An ERP investigation of the modulation of subliminal priming by exogenous cues
Marzouki, Y., Midgley, K. J., Holcomb, P. J., & Jonathan Grainger, B. (2008) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2008.06.113 · Cited by 7
Kinoshita, S., & Verdonschot, R. G. (2020) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-020-01315-2 · Cited by 7
Development of morphological priming effects in reading aloud in the biscriptal Bosnian orthography
Duranović, M., Gangl, M., Finke, S., Senka, S., & Landerl, K. (2020) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-020-10036-2 · Cited by 7
What masked priming effects with abbreviations can tell us about abstract letter identities
Kinoshita, S., Whiting, D., & Norris, D. G. (2020) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2020.104209 · Cited by 7
The role of lexical expertise in reading homophones
Burt, J. S., & Jared, D. (2015) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470218.2015.1062528 · Cited by 6
Sun, Y., & Sharon Peperkamp, A. (2015) · Language Cognition and Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/23273798.2015.1100316 · Cited by 6
Magnetic Stimulation of the Right Visual Cortex Impairs Form-specific Priming
Pobric, G., Schweinberger, S. R., & Michal Lavidor, B. (2007) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2007.19.6.1013 · Cited by 6
Characterizing spoken responses in masked-onset priming of reading aloud using articulography
Proctor, M., Coltheart, M., Ratko, L., Szalay, T., Forster, K. I., & Cox, F. (2021) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-020-01114-5 · Cited by 5
Is reading automatic? Are the ERP correlates of masked priming really lexical?
Norris, D. G., Kinoshita, S., Hall, J., & Henson, R. N. (2018) · Language Cognition and Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/23273798.2018.1493516 · Cited by 6
The role of letter features on the consonant-bias effect: Evidence from masked priming
Soares, A. P., Velho, M., & Oliveira, H. M. (2020) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2020.103171 · Cited by 5
Trifonova, I. V., & Adelman, J. S. (2021) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2021.101445 · Cited by 5
Aye, aye, aye, aye: orthography enhances rapid word reading in an exploratory study
Neuhaus, G. F., & Post, Y. V. (2003) · Journal of Research in Reading · doi:10.1111/1467-9817.00192 · Cited by 5
Distinguishing between inhibitory and episodic processing accounts of switch-cost asymmetries.
Wong, J., & Leboe, J. P. (2009) · Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/Revue canadienne de psychologie expérimentale · doi:10.1037/a0013222 · Cited by 5
Don’t Shoot the Messnger: Memory for Misspellings in Context
Tat, M. J., & Azuma, T. (2011) · Journal of Psycholinguistic Research · doi:10.1007/s10936-011-9188-9 · Cited by 4
PHONOLOGICAL RECODING OF MIXED-CASE WORDS IN THE PRIMING TASK
Lee, C. H., Honig, R. M., & Lee, Y. (2002) · Reading Psychology · doi:10.1080/02702710290061328 · Cited by 3
Evidence for word length coding during visual word recognition
Skarratt, P. A., McDonald, S., & Michal Lavidor, B. (2007) · The European Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/09541440601046647 · Cited by 3
Kinoshita, S., & Verdonschot, R. G. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/xhp0000692 · Cited by 3
Solaja, O., & Perea, M. (2026) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-026-03006-2 · Cited by 2
Imagining and reading actions: Towards similar motor representations
DuPont, W. H., Papaxanthis, C., Madden-Lombardi, C., & Lebon, F. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13426 · Cited by 1
Li, L., & Jia, G. (2020) · Language and Semiotic Studies · doi:10.1515/lass-2020-060306 · Cited by 1
Bowers, J. S. (1999) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x99242021 · Cited by 1
Self-citationPhonological and semantic processing of Chinese characters
Lee, K. (2009) · Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) · Cited by 1
Carreiras, M., Armstrong, B. C., & Duñabeitia, J. A. (2018) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119170174.epcn306 · Cited by 1
Jonathan Grainger, B., Ferrand, L., & Jacobs, A. M. (2004) · Neurosciences & cognition. Série LMD · doi:10.3917/dbu.ludov.2004.01.0163
Humphreys, G. W., & Olson, A. (2001) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/713756017
An ecological approach to cognitive (im)penetrability
Withagen, R., & Michaels, C. F. (1999) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x99592029
DO ORTHOGRAPHY AND PHONOLOGY INTERACT IN MASKED PRIMING
Qiao, X., & Forster, K. I. (2007) · Journal of Second Language Acquisition and Teaching
de Hidalgo, S. N., & Farmacobiología, F. D. Q. (2010)
Letter representations in the mind and brain
Rothlein, D. (2015)
Stems and rules: A dual-mechanism account of verbal stem formation in Portuguese
Veríssimo, J. (2010) · OpenGrey (Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique) · doi:10.13140/2.1.3202.6563
Analysis of Letter Representation Using Latin and Arabic Scripts: A Masked Priming Study
Dirani, J., & Dietrich, A. (2018) · Journal of Psycholinguistic Research · doi:10.1007/s10936-018-9584-5
Investigations of lexical competition and repeated letter effects in visual word recognition
Trifonova, I. V. (2026) · Warwick Research Archive Portal (University of Warwick) · doi:10.82444/warw.33776734
How psychology helps us to understand word reading
Stainthorp, R. (2020) · Education 3-13 · doi:10.1080/03004279.2020.1824700 · Cited by 3
Vision: What’s so special about words?
Davis, C. J. (2021) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2021.01.052
Ferrand, L. (2001) · De Boeck Supérieur eBooks · doi:10.3917/dbu.ferra.2001.01.0349
Le traitement orthographique du mot écrit en arabe
Zeghli, H., Bouanani, M., & Lété, B. (2022) · Psychologie Française · doi:10.1016/j.psfr.2022.01.002
On the Role of the Upper Part of Words in Lexical Access: Evidence with Masked Priming
Perea, M., Comesaña, M., Soares, A. P., & Moret‐Tatay, C. (2011) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e520602012-013
Metadata
- Authors
- Bowers, J. S., Vigliocco, G., & Haan, R.
- Affiliations
- Rice University (US)
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance
- Published
- 1998
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1705-1719
- ISSN
- 0096-1523 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1277
- OpenAlex
- W2130614000
- Cited by
- 138
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 8.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Explore Bristol Research (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Phonetics and Phonology Research
- Keywords
- masked priming, word priming, orthographic code, phonological processing, visual similarity, homophones, naming task, lexical decision, visual word recognition
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Perceptual Masking, Phonetics, Reaction Time, Vocabulary, Writing
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review