The DOI matches its Crossref record; 1 of the 1 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Heroin addicts have higher discount rates for delayed rewards than non-drug-using controls.
Abstract
Fifty-six heroin addicts and 60 age-matched controls were offered choices between monetary rewards ($11-$80) available immediately and larger rewards ($25-$85) available after delays ranging from 1 week to 6 months. Participants had a 1-in-6 chance of winning a reward that they chose on one randomly selected trial. Delay-discounting rates were estimated from the pattern of participants' choices. The discounting model of impulsiveness (Ainslie, 1975) implies that delay-discounting rates are positively correlated with impulsiveness. On average, heroin addicts' discount rates were twice those of controls (p = .004), and discount rates were positively correlated with impulsivity as measured by self-report questionnaires (p < .05). The results lend external validity to the delay-discounting rate as a measure of impulsiveness, a characteristic associated with substance abuse.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“We used a widely adopted choice set designed to capture a broad range of discount rates31–37.”
From Temporal discounting predicts procrastination in the real world (2024) · cites this paper as [31]
In the citing paper
“individuals who suffer from reinforcement pathologies discount delayed rewards more than matched controls.”
From The behavioral economics and neuroeconomics of reinforcer pathologies: implications for etiology and treatment of addiction (2011) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“those affected by reinforcement pathologies discount their pathological reinforcer to a greater extent than they discount other commodities.”
From The behavioral economics and neuroeconomics of reinforcer pathologies: implications for etiology and treatment of addiction (2011) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“Because elevated discounting rates are associated with drug abuse [15, 22, 25–30, 32]”
From The behavioral economics and neuroeconomics of reinforcer pathologies: implications for etiology and treatment of addiction (2011) · cites this paper as [22]
Citations
Cites
The publisher hasn’t deposited this paper’s reference list.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 1,001–1,003 of 1,003
Temporal discounting predicts procrastination in the real world
Zhang, P. Y., & Ma, W. J. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-65110-4 · Cited by 13
“It was adapted from Kirby’s choice set 31 and has been widely used in the temporal discounting literature 31–37 .”
MethodGenetic aspects of gambling disorders: recent developments and future directions
Lobo, D. S. S. (2016) · Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s40473-016-0064-7 · Cited by 10
The Economics of Losing a Loved One: Delayed Reward Discounting in Prolonged Grief
Maccallum, F., & Bonanno, G. A. (2016) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702615605827 · Cited by 10
Metadata
- Authors
- Kirby, K. N., Petry, N. M., & Bickel, W. K.
- Affiliations
- Williams College (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
- Published
- 1999-03
- Volume
- 128
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 78-87
- ISSN
- 0096-3445 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2222
- OpenAlex
- W4234210156
- Cited by
- 2,171
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 69 · 2025: 86 · 2024: 93 · 2023: 98 · 2022: 104 · 2021: 127 · 2020: 159 · 2019: 114 · 2018: 123 · 2017: 124 · 2016: 126 · 2015: 115 · 2014: 103 · 2013: 116 · 2012: 116
- FWCI
- 9.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Psychology General (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01da006969-10)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (T32-DA-07242, 2R01DA069-69, R01 DA06969, T32DA007242)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- heroin addiction, drug addiction, delay discounting, delayed rewards, impulsivity, substance use disorders
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Analysis of Variance, Choice Behavior, Heroin Dependence, Humans, Impulsive Behavior, Models, Psychological, Reward
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
