Cited by 427Cognitive Abilities and TestingDevelopmental and Educational NeuropsychologyCognitive and developmental aspects of mathematical skills

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The complexities of complex span: Explaining individual differences in working memory in children and adults.

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Bayliss, Donna M., Jarrold, Christopher, Gunn, Deborah M., Baddeley, Alan D.·2003·Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

DOI 10.1037/0096-3445.132.1.71

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Abstract

Two studies are presented that investigated the constraints underlying working memory performance in children and adults. In each case, independent measures of processing efficiency and storage capacity are assessed to determine their relative importance in predicting performance on complex span tasks,which measure working memory capacity. Results show that complex span performance was independently constrained by individual differences in domain-general processing efficiency and domain-specific storage capacity. Residual variance, which may reflect the ability to coordinate storage and processing, also predicted academic achievement. These results challenge the view that complex span taps a limited-capacity resource pool shared between processing and storage operations. Rather, they are consistent with a multiple-component model in which separate resource pools support the processing and storage functions of working memory.

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The structure of working memory during childhood: a systematic review
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Memoria e inteligencia: interdependencia en función de los procesos y contenidos de las tareas
Ferreira, A. I., Almeida, L. S., Prieto, G., & Guisande, M. A. (2011) · Universitas Psychologica · doi:10.11144/javeriana.upsy11-2.miif · Cited by 7
Dos nuevas pruebas de Memoria Operativa de Anáforas
Elosúa, M. R., Carriedo, N., & García-Madruga, J.-A. (2009) · Journal for the Study of Education and Development Infancia y Aprendizaje · doi:10.1174/021037009787138185 · Cited by 7
Semantic binding, not attentional control, generates coherent global structure in children's narrative memory
Kapikian, A., & Briscoe, J. (2012) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2012.690554 · Cited by 7
“Older children performed faster on the CRT task than younger children, a finding that concurs with reports of faster, or more efficient, processing with age (Bayliss, Jarrold, Baddeley, & Gunn, 2005 ; Bayliss, Jarrold, Gunn, & Baddeley, 2003 ; Case et al, 1982 ).”
Result
The influence of memory updating and number sense on junior high school math attainment
Yen, M.-H., Han, C.-C., Yu, P.-C., Yang, T., Didino, D., Butterworth, B. L., & Yen, N. (2017) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2017.01.012 · Cited by 7
Development and Training of Higher Order Cognitive Functions and their Interrelations
Nutley, S. B. (2011) · Figshare · Cited by 7
Revisiting working memory 50 years after Baddeley and Hitch: A review of field-specific conceptualisations, use and misuse, and paths forward for studying children
Miller‐Cotto, D., & Gordon, R. (2024) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/17470218241301701 · Cited by 9
“…& Horton, 2008; Towse, Cowan, Horton, & Whytock, 2008), processing speed and accuracy to predict reading and mathematics (Gordon et al., 2020), and attentional focus to predict various academic outcomes (Bayliss et al., 2003; Engel de Abreu et al., 2010; Lépine et al., 2005) with some success.”
Effects of Computerized Cognitive Training on Working Memory in a School Setting
Pumaccahua, T. T., Wong, E. H., & Wiest, D. J. (2017) · International Journal of Learning Teaching and Educational Research · Cited by 6
The protocol for assessing olfactory working memory capacity in mice
Jiang, L., Huang, G., Wang, H., Zhang, C., & Yu, X. (2022) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.2703 · Cited by 6
“Measures of WMC have been characterized as major determinants of the development of cognition in childhood (Bayliss et al., 2003) and old age (Park et al., 2002; Salthouse, 1994), and also of individual differences in intellectual abilities (Conway et al., 2003; Luck & Vogel, 2013; Vogel &…”
Background
Decoding the content of working memory in school-aged children
Turoman, N., Fiave, P. A., Zahnd, C., deBettencourt, M. T., & Vergauwe, E. (2023) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2023.10.019 · Cited by 6
“In such dual-task setups, refreshing would be indexed by declines in WM performance in the maintenance task as a function of the attentional demands of the processing task (e.g., Barrouillet et al., 2009; Bayliss et al., 2003; Camos & Barrouillet, 2011; Tam et al., 2010).”
Working memory functioning in deaf primary school children: Implications for inclusive education
Cockcroft, K., Dhana-Dullabh, H., & Greenop, K. (2010) · Education as Change · doi:10.1080/16823206.2010.522054 · Cited by 6
Ice Ingestion Maintains Cognitive Performance during a Repeated Sprint Performance in The Heat
Mazalan, N. S., Landers, G. J., Wallman, K. E., & Ecker, U. K. H. (2022) · Journal of Sports Science and Medicine · doi:10.52082/jssm.2022.164 · Cited by 6
“The outcome measure was the sum of the total number of correct answers, with a total mark of 75 (Bayliss et al., 2003).”
Background
Working Memory and Intelligence
Conway, A. R. A., & Kovacs, K. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108770422.022 · Cited by 6
Deaf children and children with ADHD in the inclusive classroom: working memory matters
Cockcroft, K., & Dhana-Dullabh, H. (2012) · International Journal of Inclusive Education · doi:10.1080/13603116.2012.728252 · Cited by 9
“The existence and functioning of these stores has been supported by studies of children and adults, as well as by neuro-imaging research (Alloway, Gathercole, and Pickering 2006; Bayliss et al. 2003; Jonides, Lacey, and Nee 2005).”
Result
Background Speech Disrupts Working Memory Span in 5-Year-Old Children
Grieco‐Calub, T. M., Collins, M.-S., Snyder, H. E., & Ward, K. M. (2018) · Ear and Hearing · doi:10.1097/aud.0000000000000636 · Cited by 6
“If this was the case, then interference-by-content is a reasonable mechanism by which two-talker speech disrupted children’s span scores given that both the target and background noise contained verbal content, and greater interference is expected when concurrent input overlaps in content (Neely & LeCompte 1999; Bayli…”
Background
Bias in confidence: A critical test for discrete-state models of change detection.
Winiger, S., Singmann, H., & Kellen, D. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/xlm0000959 · Cited by 6
Individual Differences in Episodic Memory
Kane, M. J., & Miyake, T. M. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012370509-9.00151-0 · Cited by 6
On the relationships between processing speed, intra-subject variability, working memory, and fluid intelligence – A cross-sectional study
Schulz-Zhecheva, Y., Voelkle, M. C., Biscaldi, M., Beauducel, A., & Klein, C. (2024) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2024.101836 · Cited by 5
Fonctionnement de la mémoire de travail chez des enfants présentant des difficultés scolaires
Corbin, L., Moissenet, A., & Camos, V. (2012) · Développements · doi:10.3917/devel.011.0005 · Cited by 5
The daily rhythms of working memory and their methodological constraints: a critical overview
Monteiro, F., Rodrigues, P., Nascimento, C. S., Simões, F., & Leocádio-Miguel, M. A. (2021) · Biological Rhythm Research · doi:10.1080/09291016.2021.1907511 · Cited by 5
“This cognitive function plays an active role in learning and intelligence, being one of the main predictors of academic achievement (Bayliss et al. 2003; Kane et al. 2007; Bull et al. 2008).”
Background
The Structure of Working Memory and Its Relationship with Intelligence in Japanese Children
Ikeda, Y., Kita, Y., Oi, Y., Okuzumi, H., Lanfranchi, S., Pulina, F., Mammarella, I. C., Allen, K. N., & Giofrè, D. (2023) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence11080167 · Cited by 6
Are the limits in processing and storage capacity common? Exploring the additive and interactive effects of processing and storage load in working memory
Gabales, L., & Birney, D. P. (2011) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2011.501330 · Cited by 5
“Previous researchers (eg, Baddeley, 1986 ; Bayliss et al, 2003 ; Duff & Logie, 2001 ; Emerson et al, 1999 ; Oberauer et al, 2000 ) have also argued in favour of a possible interaction between processing and storage (particularly at high levels of load) which may be indicative of a distinct integration/coordination sys…”
Background
The Effect of Age and Language Structure on Working Memory Performance
Braun, A. J., Marton, K., & Schwartz, R. G. (2005) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 5
Thinking inside the box: Mental manipulation of working memory contents in 3- to 7-year-old children
Reindl, E., Parkash, D., Völter, C. J., & Seed, A. M. (2021) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2021.101068 · Cited by 5
“…another set of tasks – complex span tasks – assessing the simultaneous storage and processing of information, aiming to assess WM capacity, which we do not focus on here (for more information see e.g., Bayliss, Jarrold, Gunn, & Baddeley, 2003; Conway et al., 2005; Engle, 2002; Kane et al., 2004).”
Background
Armazenamento de curto prazo e velocidade de processamento explicam a relação entre memória de trabalho e o fator g de inteligência
Colom, R., & Flores-Mendoza, C. E. (2006) · Psicologia Teoria e Pesquisa · doi:10.1590/s0102-37722006000100014 · Cited by 5
Insights into cognition from network science analyses of human brain functional connectivity: Working memory as a test case
Dagenbach, D. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813838-0.00002-9 · Cited by 5
Working memory and phonological awareness.
Milwidsky, C. (2009) · University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg Institutional Repository on DSpace (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg) · Cited by 5
The cognitive load effect in working memory: Refreshing the empirical landscape, removing outdated explanationsPreprint
Langerock, N., Oberauer, K., Throm, E. V., & Vergauwe, E. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/3zbe2 · Cited by 5

Authors: Bayliss, D. M., Jarrold, C., Gunn, D. M., & Baddeley, A. D.
Affiliations: University of Bristol (GB)
ORCID: Bayliss, Donna M.
Jarrold, Christopher
Baddeley, Alan D.
Venue: Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2003
Volume: 132
Issue: 1
Pages: 71-92
ISSN: 0096-3445 (ISSN-L)
1939-2222
DOI: 10.1037/0096-3445.132.1.71
OpenAlex: W1985525819
Cited by: 427
References: 79
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 29
FWCI: 26.20
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
durham-repository.worktribe.com
Licence: cc-by
Locations: Journal of Experimental Psychology General (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (submittedVersion)
Durham Research Online (Durham University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Explore Bristol Research (submittedVersion)
Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Cognitive and developmental aspects of mathematical skills
Keywords: working memory, complex span, individual differences, processing efficiency, storage capacity, domain-general processing, academic performance, children, adults, resource allocation
MeSH terms: Adult, Age Factors, Child, Educational Status, Humans, Memory, Reaction Time, Space Perception, Speech Perception, Visual Perception

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The complexities of complex span: Explaining individual differences in working memory in children and adults.

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