Exploration of working memory retrieval stage for mild cognitive impairment: time-varying causality analysis of electroencephalogram based on dynamic brain networks
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Abstract
BACKGROUND: Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) is an intermediate stage between the expected cognitive decline of normal aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Its management is crucial for it helps intervene and slow the progression of cognitive decline to AD. However, the understanding of the MCI mechanism is not completely clear. As working memory (WM) damage is a common symptom of MCI, this study focused on the core stage of WM, i.e., the memory retrieval stage, to investigate information processing and the causality relationships among brain regions based on electroencephalogram (EEG) signals. METHOD: 21 MCI and 20 normal cognitive control (NC) participants were recruited. The delayed matching sample paradigm with two different loads was employed to evaluate their WM functions. A time-varying network based on the Adaptive transfer function (ADTF) was constructed on the EEG of the memory retrieval trials.to perform the dynamic brain network analysis. RESULTS: Our results showed that: (a) Behavioral data analysis: there were significant differences in accuracy and accuracy / reaction time between MCI and NC in tasks with memory load capacity of low load-four and high load-six, especially in tasks with memory load capacity of four. (b) Dynamic brain network analysis: there were significant differences in the dynamic changes of brain network patterns between the two groups during the memory retrieval stage of the WM task. Specifically, in low load WM tasks, the dynamic brain network changes of NC were more regular to accommodate for efficient information processing, with important core nodes showing a transition from bottom to up, while MCI did not display a regular dynamic brain network pattern. Further, the brain functional areas associated with low load WM disorders were mainly located in the left prefrontal lobe (FC1) and right occipital lobe (PO8). Compared with low load WM task, during the high load WM task, the dynamic brain network changes of NC during the memory retrieval stage were regular, and the core nodes exhibited a consistent transition phenomenon from up to bottom to up, which were not observed in MCI. CONCLUSIONS: Behavioral data in the low load WM task paradigm and abnormal electrophysiological signals in the left prefrontal (FC1) and right occipital lobes (PO8) could be used for MCI diagnosis. This is the first time based on large-scale dynamic network methods to investigate the dynamic network patterns of MCI memory retrieval stages under different load WM tasks, providing a new perspective on the neural mechanisms of WM deficits in MCI patients and providing some reference for the clinical intervention treatment of MCI-WM memory disorders.
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Working memory impairment is prevalent across neuropsychiatric and neurological conditions and is among the most sensitive early indicators of cognitive function decline, with links to everyday functional limitations and reduced quality of life.
“Working memory impairment is prevalent across neuropsychiatric and neurological conditions and is among the most sensitive early indicators of cognitive function decline, with clear links to everyday functional limitations and reduced quality of life10–13.”
From Meta-analysis of computerised working memory training: behavioural gains, training parameters, transfer mechanisms, and neural correlates (2026) · cites this paper as [11]
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- Authors
- Jiang, Y., Guo, Z., Zhou, X., Jiang, N., & He, J.
- Affiliations
- Sichuan University (CN)
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (US)
- Corresponding author
- Jiang, Ning
- He, Jiayuan
- Venue
- Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation
- Published
- 2025-03-13
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 58-58
- ISSN
- 1743-0003 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC11905461
- OpenAlex
- W4408418518
- Cited by
- 7
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 2
- FWCI
- 4.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Research Square (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Commons-TMC (Texas Medical Center) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (YJ202373)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Keywords
- mild cognitive impairment, working memory, memory retrieval, dynamic brain networks, time-varying causality, EEG, delayed matching-to-sample, memory load, prefrontal cortex, occipital lobe, Alzheimer's disease, MCI diagnosis, cognitive decline, top-down and bottom-up processing, network modularity
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Brain, Electroencephalography, Female, Humans, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Middle Aged, Nerve Net, Neuropsychological Tests, Reaction Time, Mental Recall, Cognitive Dysfunction
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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