Is working memory capacity task dependent?

Turner, Marilyn L; Engle, Randall W

doi:10.1016/0749-596x(89)90040-5

Cited by 2,299Cognitive Abilities and TestingReading and Literacy DevelopmentNeurobiology of Language and Bilingualism

Is working memory capacity task dependent?

Turner, Marilyn L, Engle, Randall W·1989·Journal of Memory and Language

DOI 10.1016/0749-596x(89)90040-5

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/0749-596x(89)90040-5

Cites

43 of 43 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

The Operation Span task used the Spanish adapted version of the procedure developed by Turner and Engle (1989).
“We used the Spanish adapted version of the procedure developed by Turner and Engle (1989) (Turner and Engle, 1989; Tokowicz et al., 2004; Redick et al., 2012).”
From Training on Working Memory and Inhibitory Control in Young Adults (2016) · cites this paper as Turner and Engle (1989)

A Mathematical Theory of Communication
Shannon, C. E. (1948) · Bell System Technical Journal · doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x · Cited by 88,486 · see citing works
A Mathematical Theory of Communication
Shannon, C. E. (1948) · Bell System Technical Journal · doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb00917.x · Cited by 49,574 · see citing works
The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information.
Miller, G. A. (1956) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0043158 · Cited by 17,812 · see citing works
The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information.
Miller, G. A. (1994) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.101.2.343 · Cited by 17,469 · see citing works
Human Problem Solving.
Axten, N., Newell, A., & Simon, H. A. (1973) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2063712 · Cited by 6,883 · see citing works
The Architecture of Cognition
Anderson, J. R. (2013) · doi:10.4324/9781315799438 · Cited by 6,761 · see citing works
Individual differences in working memory and reading
Daneman, M., & Carpenter, P. A. (1980) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(80)90312-6 · Cited by 6,336 · see citing works
Toward a model of text comprehension and production.
Kintsch, W., & van Dijk, T. A. (1978) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.85.5.363 · Cited by 5,298 · see citing works
Untitled work
(1983) · Cited by 5,041 · see citing works
Perception and Communication
Lane, S. D. (2016) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315506173-8 · Cited by 4,707 · see citing works
Word length and the structure of short-term memory
Baddeley, A. D., Thomson, N., & Buchanan, M. (1975) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(75)80045-4 · Cited by 1,980 · see citing works
Attention and Performance Viii
Nickerson, R. S. (2014) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315802961 · Cited by 1,833 · see citing works
Frequency Analysis of English Usage: Lexicon and Grammar. By W. Nelson Francis and Henry Kučera with the assistance of Andrew W. Mackie. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 1982. x + 561
Burchfield, R. (1985) · Journal of English Linguistics · doi:10.1177/007542428501800107 · Cited by 1,249 · see citing works
Cognitive Processes in Comprehension
Just, M. A., & Carpenter, P. A. (2013) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315798851 · Cited by 1,150 · see citing works
Primary memory.
Waugh, N. C., & Norman, D. A. (1965) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0021797 · Cited by 1,120 · see citing works
The psychology of reading and language comprehension
Just, M. A., & Carpenter, P. A. (1986) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,056 · see citing works
Disruption of short-term memory by unattended speech: Implications for the structure of working memory
Salamé, P., & Baddeley, A. D. (1982) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(82)90521-7 · Cited by 915 · see citing works
The structure of attentional resources.
Wickens, C. (1980) · Attention and performance · Cited by 762 · see citing works
The Measurement of Adult Intelligence
Anastasi, A., & Wechsler, D. (1942) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1417140 · Cited by 730 · see citing works
Individual differences in integrating information between and within sentences.
Daneman, M., & Carpenter, P. A. (1983) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.9.4.561 · Cited by 662 · see citing works
Skill and Working Memory
Chase, W. G., & Ericsson, K. A. (1982) · Psychology of Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(08)60546-0 · Cited by 533 · see citing works
Individual differences in comprehending and producing words in context
Daneman, M., & Green, I. (1986) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/0749-596x(86)90018-5 · Cited by 498 · see citing works
Attention and Performance XII
Coltheart, M. (2016) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315630427 · Cited by 460 · see citing works
Components of fluent reading
Baddeley, A., Logie, R. H., Nimmo‐Smith, I., & Brereton, N. (1985) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/0749-596x(85)90019-1 · Cited by 428 · see citing works
The role of short-term working memory in mental arithmetic
Hitch, G. J. (1978) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(78)90002-6 · Cited by 419 · see citing works
Discourse Comprehension and Sources of Individual Differences.
Perfetti, C. A., & Lesgold, A. M. (1977) · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Multivariate Statistics in the Social Sciences: A Researcher's Guide.
Bingham, C. R., Marascuilo, L. A., & Levin, J. R. (1985) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2288090 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
A Connectionist/Control Architecture for Working Memory
Schneider, W., & Detweiler, M. C. (1988) · The Psychology of learning and motivation/The psychology of learning and motivation · doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(08)60026-2 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Short-term memory does not involve the "working memory" of information processing: The demise of a common assumption.
Klapp, S. T., Marshburn, E. A., & Lester, P. T. (1983) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.112.2.240 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Working memory and individual differences in comprehension and memory of text.
Masson, M. E. J., & Miller, J. A. (1983) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.75.2.314 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Perception and communication
Eysenck, H. J. (1959) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(59)90029-7 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
The Measurement of Adult Intelligence
(1945) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1945.02860120055028 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Working Memory and Reading Skill Re-examined
Coltheart, M. (2016) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315630427-36 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
A Chronometric Study of Some Relations between Sentences
Miller, G. A., & McKean, K. O. (1964) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470216408416385 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
The Role of Working Memory in Language Comprehension
Carpenter, P. A., & Just, M. A. (1988) · doi:10.4324/9780203761618-7 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Do children have to remember to reason? A fuzzy-trace theory of transitivity development*1
Brainerd, C. J. (1984) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/0273-2297(84)90021-2 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
On the independence of short-term memory and working memory in cognitive development
Brainerd, C. J., & Kingma, J. (1985) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(85)90008-8 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Limits of working memory: The digit digit-span.
Reisberg, D., Rappaport, I., & O'Shaughnessy, M. P. (1984) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.10.2.203 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Spatial Working Memory
Parmentier, F. B. R. (2014) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315793252 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Relation between intelligence and short-term memory
Cohen, R. L., & Sandberg, T. (1977) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(77)90019-6 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Memory span as a measure of individual differences in memory capacity
Martin, M. (1978) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03197446 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Intelligence and short-term memory: A clandestine relationship
Cohen, R. L., & Sandberg, T. (1980) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/0160-2896(80)90026-4 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
The Effects of Acoustic and Semantic Similarity on Concept Identification
Coltheart, V. (1972) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/14640747208400268 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

The Unity and Diversity of Executive Functions and Their Contributions to Complex “Frontal Lobe” Tasks: A Latent Variable Analysis
Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., Howerter, A., & Wager, T. D. (2000) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1006/cogp.1999.0734 · Cited by 15,798 · see citing works
Anxiety and cognitive performance: Attentional control theory
Eysenck, M. W., Derakshan, N., Santos, R., & Calvo, M. G. (2007) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.7.2.336 · Cited by 5,289 · see citing works
Working Memory
Baddeley, A. (1992) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1736359 · Cited by 5,258 · see citing works
Working memory: Looking back and looking forward
Baddeley, A. (2003) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1201 · Cited by 5,200 · see citing works
A capacity theory of comprehension: individual differences in working memory
Just, M. A., & Carpenter, P. A. (1992) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.99.1.122 · Cited by 4,153 · see citing works
Long-term working memory.
Ericsson, K. A., & Kintsch, W. (1995) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.102.2.211 · Cited by 3,498 · see citing works
Working memory, short-term memory, and general fluid intelligence: A latent-variable approach.
Engle, R. W., Tuholski, S. W., Laughlin, J. E., & Conway, A. R. A. (1999) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.128.3.309 · Cited by 3,078 · see citing works
Self-citation
Working memory span tasks: A methodological review and user’s guide
Conway, A. R. A., Kane, M. J., Bunting, M. F., Hambrick, D. Z., Wilhelm, O., & Engle, R. W. (2005) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03196772 · Cited by 2,882 · see citing works
Self-citation
An automated version of the operation span task
Unsworth, N., Heitz, R. P., Schrock, J. C., & Engle, R. W. (2005) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/bf03192720 · Cited by 1,861 · see citing works
Self-citation
Load Theory of Selective Attention and Cognitive Control
Lavie, N., Hirst, A., de Fockert, J. W., & Viding, E. (2004) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.133.3.339 · Cited by 1,812 · see citing works
Working-memory capacity and the control of attention: The contributions of goal neglect, response competition, and task set to Stroop interference.
Kane, M. J., & Engle, R. W. (2003) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.132.1.47 · Cited by 1,725 · see citing works
Self-citation
An integrated process model of stereotype threat effects on performance
Schmader, T., Johns, M., & Forbes, C. (2008) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.115.2.336 · Cited by 1,576 · see citing works
A controlled-attention view of working-memory capacity.
Kane, M. J., Bleckley, M. K., Conway, A. R. A., & Engle, R. W. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.130.2.169 · Cited by 1,414 · see citing works
Self-citation
The nature of individual differences in working memory capacity: Active maintenance in primary memory and controlled search from secondary memory.
Unsworth, N., & Engle, R. W. (2007) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.114.1.104 · Cited by 1,307 · see citing works
Self-citation
Working memory capacity and its relation to general intelligence
Conway, A. R. A., Kane, M. J., & Engle, R. W. (2003) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2003.10.005 · Cited by 1,223 · see citing works
Self-citation
Cognitive load theory, educational research, and instructional design: some food for thought
de Jong, T. (2010) · Instructional Science · doi:10.1007/s11251-009-9110-0 · Cited by 1,180 · see citing works
How are visuospatial working memory, executive functioning, and spatial abilities related? A latent-variable analysis.
Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Rettinger, D. A., Shah, P., & Hegarty, M. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.130.4.621 · Cited by 1,139 · see citing works
A latent variable analysis of working memory capacity, short-term memory capacity, processing speed, and general fluid intelligence
Conway, A. R. A., Cowan, N., Bunting, M. F., Therriault, D. J., & Minkoff, S. R. B. (2002) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/s0160-2896(01)00096-4 · Cited by 1,108 · see citing works
Executive Attention, Working Memory Capacity, and a Two-Factor Theory of Cognitive Control
Engle, R. W., & Kane, M. J. (2003) · Psychology of Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(03)44005-x · Cited by 1,104 · see citing works
Self-citation
Time constraints and resource sharing in adults' working memory spans
Barrouillet, P., Bernardin, S., & Camos, V. (2004) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.133.1.83 · Cited by 994 · see citing works
Working Memory and Intelligence: The Same or Different Constructs?
Ackerman, P. L., Beier, M. E., & Boyle, M. O. (2005) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.1.30 · Cited by 969 · see citing works
Intelligence: New findings and theoretical developments
Nisbett, R. E., Aronson, J., Blair, C., Dickens, W., Flynn, J., Halpern, D. F., & Turkheimer, E. (2012) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/a0026699 · Cited by 968 · see citing works
Individual Differences in Working Memory Capacity and Dual-Process Theories of the Mind.
Barrett, L. F., Tugade, M. M., & Engle, R. W. (2004) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.4.553 · Cited by 913 · see citing works
Self-citation
The cocktail party phenomenon revisited: The importance of working memory capacity
Conway, A. R. A., Cowan, N., & Bunting, M. F. (2001) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03196169 · Cited by 875 · see citing works
Can training in a real-time strategy video game attenuate cognitive decline in older adults?
Basak, C., Boot, W. R., Voss, M. W., & Kramer, A. F. (2008) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0013494 · Cited by 855 · see citing works
Mindfulness training and reductions in teacher stress and burnout: Results from two randomized, waitlist-control field trials.
Roeser, R. W., Schonert-Reichl, K. A., Jha, A., Cullen, M., Wallace, L., Wilensky, R., Oberle, E., Thomson, K., Taylor, C., & Harrison, J. (2013) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0032093 · Cited by 795 · see citing works
Brain Drain: The Mere Presence of One’s Own Smartphone Reduces Available Cognitive Capacity
Ward, A. F., Duke, K., Gneezy, A., & Bos, M. W. (2017) · Journal of the Association for Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/691462 · Cited by 787 · see citing works
Anxiety and working memory capacity: A meta-analysis and narrative review.
Moran, T. P. (2016) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000051 · Cited by 776 · see citing works
A capacity theory of writing: Working memory in composition
McCutchen, D. (1996) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/bf01464076 · Cited by 654 · see citing works
Attention control, memory updating, and emotion regulation temporarily reduce the capacity for executive control
Schmeichel, B. J. (2007) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.136.2.241 · Cited by 644 · see citing works
Individual differences in working memory and comprehension: A test of four hypotheses.
Engle, R. W., Cantor, J., & Carullo, J. J. (1992) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.18.5.972 · Cited by 626 · see citing works
Self-citation
Aging and verbal memory span: a meta-analysis
Bopp, K. L., & Verhaeghen, P. (2005) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences · doi:10.1093/geronb/60.5.p223 · Cited by 607 · see citing works
Back to the future: Autobiographical planning and the functionality of mind-wandering
Baird, B., Smallwood, J., & Schooler, J. W. (2011) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2011.08.007 · Cited by 588 · see citing works
The developmental trajectories of executive function from adolescence to old age.
Ferguson, H. J., Brunsdon, V. E. A., & Bradford, E. E. F. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-80866-1 · Cited by 583 · see citing works
Working memory and fluid intelligence: Capacity, attention control, and secondary memory retrieval
Unsworth, N., Fukuda, K., Awh, E., & Vogel, E. K. (2014) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2014.01.003 · Cited by 528 · see citing works
A meta-analysis on the relation between reading and working memory
Peng, P., Barnes, M., Wang, C., Wang, W., Li, S., Swanson, H. L., Dardick, W., & Tao, S. (2018) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000124 · Cited by 521 · see citing works
Working memory capacity and self-regulatory behavior: toward an individual differences perspective on behavior determination by automatic versus controlled processes
Hofmann, W., Gschwendner, T., Friese, M., Wiers, R. W., & Schmitt, M. (2008) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0012705 · Cited by 524 · see citing works
Complex working memory span tasks and higher-order cognition: a latent-variable analysis of the relationship between processing and storage.
Unsworth, N., Redick, T. S., Heitz, R. P., Broadway, J. M., & Engle, R. W. (2009) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658210902998047 · Cited by 479 · see citing works
Self-citation
Measuring Working Memory Capacity With Automated Complex Span Tasks
Redick, T. S., Broadway, J. M., Meier, M. E., Kuriakose, P. S., Unsworth, N., Kane, M. J., & Engle, R. W. (2012) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000123 · Cited by 457 · see citing works
Self-citation
Mathematical problem solving and working memory in children with learning disabilities: Both executive and phonological processes are important
Swanson, H. L., & Sachse-Lee, C. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1006/jecp.2000.2587 · Cited by 443 · see citing works
The complexities of complex span: Explaining individual differences in working memory in children and adults.
Bayliss, D. M., Jarrold, C., Gunn, D. M., & Baddeley, A. D. (2003) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.132.1.71 · Cited by 427 · see citing works
Cognitive abilities and superior decision making under risk: A protocol analysis and process model evaluation
Cokely, E. T., & Kelley, C. M. (2009) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/s193029750000067x · Cited by 427 · see citing works
Enhancing cognition with video games: a multiple game training study
Oei, A. C., & Patterson, M. D. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0058546 · Cited by 398 · see citing works
Corticostriatal connectivity underlies individual differences in the balance between habitual and goal-directed action control
de Wit, S., Watson, P., Harsay, H. A., Cohen, M. X., van de Vijver, I., & Ridderinkhof, K. R. (2012) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1088-12.2012 · Cited by 373 · see citing works
Working memory plasticity in old age: practice gain, transfer, and maintenance
Li, S.-C., Schmiedek, F., Huxhold, O., Röcke, C., Smith, J., & Lindenberger, U. (2008) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0014343 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
Memory for serial order across domains: An overview of the literature and directions for future research
Hurlstone, M. J., Hitch, G. J., & Baddeley, A. D. (2014) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0034221 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Complex span and n-back measures of working memory: A meta-analysis
Redick, T. S., & Lindsey, D. R. B. (2013) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-013-0453-9 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
The trauma film paradigm as an experimental psychopathology model of psychological trauma: intrusive memories and beyond
James, E. L., Lau-Zhu, A., Clark, I. A., Visser, R. M., Hagenaars, M. A., & Holmes, E. A. (2016) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.04.010 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Working Memory Deficits of Reading Disabled Children
de Jong, P. F. (1998) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1006/jecp.1998.2451 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Executive functions and the self-regulation of eating behavior: A review
Dohle, S., Diel, K., & Hofmann, W. (2018) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2017.05.041 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Working memory capacity and strategy use
McNamara, D. S., & Scott, J. L. (2001) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03195736 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Executive function and academic achievement: Longitudinal relations from early childhood to adolescence.
Ahmed, S. F., Tang, S., Waters, N. E., & Davis-Kean, P. (2019) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/edu0000296 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Strategy training and working memory task performance
Turley-Ames, K. (2003) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/s0749-596x(03)00095-0 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Complex span versus updating tasks of working memory: The gap is not that deep.
Schmiedek, F., Hildebrandt, A., Lövdén, M., Wilhelm, O., & Lindenberger, U. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition · doi:10.1037/a0015730 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Short-Term Memory and Working Memory: Do Both Contribute to Our Understanding of Academic Achievement in Children and Adults with Learning Disabilities?
Swanson, H. L. (1994) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/002221949402700107 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Cold pressor stress impairs performance on working memory tasks requiring executive functions in healthy young men.
Schoofs, D., Wolf, O. T., & Smeets, T. (2009) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/a0016980 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
The hierarchical organization of the lateral prefrontal cortex
Nee, D. E., & D'Esposito, M. (2016) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.12112 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Working Memory Capacity and Fluid Intelligence: Maintenance and Disengagement
Shipstead, Z., Harrison, T. L., & Engle, R. W. (2016) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691616650647 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Self-citation
Event segmentation ability uniquely predicts event memory
Sargent, J. Q., Zacks, J. M., Hambrick, D. Z., Zacks, R. T., Kurby, C. A., Bailey, H. R., Eisenberg, M. L., & Beck, T. M. (2013) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2013.07.002 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Cogmed working memory training: Does the evidence support the claims?
Shipstead, Z., Hicks, K. L., & Engle, R. W. (2012) · Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.jarmac.2012.06.003 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Self-citation
A resource model of the neural basis of executive working memory
Bunge, S. A., Klingberg, T., Jacobsen, R. B., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2000) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.97.7.3573 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Does working memory training generalize?
Shipstead, Z., Redick, T. S., & Engle, R. W. (2010) · Psychologica Belgica · doi:10.5334/pb-50-3-4-245 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Self-citation
Working memory training involves learning new skills
Gathercole, S. E., Dunning, D. L., Holmes, J., & Norris, D. (2019) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2018.10.003 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
“In complex span, an unrelated processing activity is interpolated between the presentation of successive memory items (Daneman & Carpenter, 1980; Turner and Engle, 1989).”
BackgroundMethod
Real-Time Strategy Game Training: Emergence of a Cognitive Flexibility Trait
Glass, B. D., Maddox, W. T., & Love, B. C. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0070350 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Retrospective revaluation in sequential decision making: a tale of two systems
Gershman, S. J., Markman, A. B., & Otto, A. R. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/a0030844 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Working memory capacity and attention network test performance
Redick, T. S., & Engle, R. W. (2006) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.1224 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Self-citation
The neural basis of task-switching in working memory: effects of performance and aging.
Smith, E. E., Geva, A., Jonides, J., Miller, A., Reuter-Lorenz, P., & Koeppe, R. A. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.98.4.2095 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Working memory, short-term memory, speech rate, word recognition and reading comprehension in learning disabled readers: does the executive system have a role?11The research was supported by Peloy Endowment Funds awarded by the first author. This work is truly a collaborative endeavor. First authorship primarily reflects responsibility for write-up and data analysis and second authorship reflects data collection. Data was collected by the second author in the Redlands Unified School District. The authors are thankful to staff at the Redlands School District and for the comments of Jerry Carlson, Richard Eyman, Kathy Wilson, Carole Lee, Randy Engle, and the two reviewers of this journal on an earlier draft. Inquiries and requests should be directed to H. Lee Swanson, Educational Psychology, School of Education, University of California, Riverside, CA., 92521-0128.
Swanson, H. L., & Ashbaker, M. H. (2000) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/s0160-2896(99)00025-2 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Effects of skill training on working memory capacity.
Lee, Y.-S., Lu, M.-J., & Ko, H.-P. (2007) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2007.02.010 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Cognitive plasticity in adulthood and old age: Gauging the generality of cognitive intervention effects
Noack, H., Lövdén, M., Schmiedek, F., & Lindenberger, U. (2009) · Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience · doi:10.3233/rnn-2009-0496 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Updating in working memory: A comparison of good and poor comprehenders
Carretti, B., Cornoldi, C., De Beni, R., & Romanò, M. (2005) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2005.01.005 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Bilingualism modulates dual mechanisms of cognitive control: evidence from ERPs.
Morales, J., Yudes, C., Gómez-Ariza, C. J., & Bajo, M. T. (2015) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.11.014 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Individual differences in working memory capacity predict visual attention allocation
Bleckley, M. K., Durso, F. T., Crutchfield, J. M., Engle, R. W., & Khanna, M. M. (2003) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03196548 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Self-citation
The roles of study-abroad experience and working-memory capacity in the types of errors made during translation.
TOKOWICZ, N., MICHAEL, E. B., & KROLL, J. F. (2004) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728904001634 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Memory reactivation in healthy aging: evidence of stimulus-specific dedifferentiation
St-Laurent, M., Abdi, H., Bondad, A., & Buchsbaum, B. R. (2014) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3054-13.2014 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Auditory distraction from low-intensity noise: a review of the consequences for learning and workplace environments
Beaman, C. P. (2005) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.1134 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
On the interpretation of working memory span in adults.
Towse, J. N., Hitch, G. J., & Hutton, U. (2000) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03198549 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Implicit working memory
Hassin, R. R., Bargh, J. A., Engell, A. D., & McCulloch, K. C. (2009) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2009.04.003 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Working memory and phonological processing as predictors of children’s mathematical problem solving at different ages
Swanson, H. L. (2004) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03195856 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Multimedia learning and individual differences: Mediating the effects of working memory capacity with segmentation
Lusk, D. L., Evans, A. D., Jeffrey, T. R., Palmer, K. R., Wikstrom, C. S., & Doolittle, P. E. (2009) · British Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8535.2008.00848.x · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Working memory capacity and the scope and control of attention
Shipstead, Z., Harrison, T. L., & Engle, R. W. (2015) · Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-015-0899-0 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Self-citation
Working memory
Baddeley, A. (1998) · Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences - Series III - Sciences de la Vie · doi:10.1016/s0764-4469(97)89817-4 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Does Strategic Memory Training Improve the Working Memory Performance of Younger and Older Adults?
Carretti, B., Borella, E., & De Beni, R. (2007) · Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1027/1618-3169.54.4.311 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Working memory, fluid intelligence, and science learning
Yuan, K., Steedle, J., Shavelson, R., Alonzo, A., & Oppezzo, M. (2006) · Educational Research Review · doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2006.08.005 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Integrative frontal-parietal dynamics supporting cognitive control
Nee, D. E. (2021) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.57244 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
A Metacognitive Perspective on the Cognitive Deficits Experienced in Intellectually Threatening Environments
Schmader, T., Forbes, C. E., Zhang, S., & Berry Mendes, W. (2009) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167208330450 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Sleep Problems Across Development: A Pathway to Adolescent Risk Taking Through Working Memory
Thomas, A. G., Monahan, K. C., Lukowski, A. F., & Cauffman, E. (2015) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-014-0179-7 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Working memory, learning, and academic achievement.
Swanson, H. L., & Alloway, T. P. (2012) · APA educational psychology handbook, Vol 1: Theories, constructs, and critical issues. · doi:10.1037/13273-012 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Adolescent sleep and working memory performance
GRADISAR, M., TERRILL, G., JOHNSTON, A., & DOUGLAS, P. (2008) · Sleep and Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1111/j.1479-8425.2008.00353.x · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Training on Working Memory and Inhibitory Control in Young Adults
Maraver, M. J., Bajo, M. T., & Gomez-Ariza, C. J. (2016) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2016.00588 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
“We used the Spanish adapted version of the procedure developed by Turner and Engle (1989) (Turner and Engle, 1989; Tokowicz et al., 2004; Redick et al., 2012).”
Method
Training working memory: Limits of transfer
Sprenger, A. M., Atkins, S. M., Bolger, D. J., Harbison, J. I., Novick, J. M., Chrabaszcz, J. S., Weems, S. A., Smith, V., Bobb, S., Bunting, M. F., et al. (2013) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2013.07.013 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
A simultaneous examination of two forms of working memory training: Evidence for near transfer only
Minear, M., Brasher, F., Guerrero, C. B., Brasher, M., Moore, A., & Sukeena, J. (2016) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-016-0616-9 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Your Eyes Tell: Leveraging Smooth Pursuit for Assessing Cognitive Workload
Kosch, T., Hassib, M., Woźniak, P. W., Buschek, D., & Alt, F. (2018) · Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3173574.3174010 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Navigational Aids and Spatial Memory Impairment: The Role of Divided Attention
Gardony, A. L., Brunyé, T. T., & Taylor, H. A. (2015) · Spatial Cognition & Computation · doi:10.1080/13875868.2015.1059432 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Why is working memory capacity related to matrix reasoning tasks?
Harrison, T. L., Shipstead, Z., & Engle, R. W. (2015) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-014-0473-3 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Self-citation
Do the effects of working memory training depend on baseline ability level?
Foster, J. L., Harrison, T. L., Hicks, K. L., Draheim, C., Redick, T. S., & Engle, R. W. (2017) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition · doi:10.1037/xlm0000426 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citation
Working memory, intelligence and reading ability in children
de Jonge, P., & de Jong, P. F. (1996) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(96)00161-4 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Component analysis of verbal versus spatial working memory training in adolescents with ADHD: A randomized, controlled trial
Gibson, B. S., Gondoli, D. M., Johnson, A. C., Steeger, C. M., Dobrzenski, B. A., & Morrissey, R. A. (2011) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2010.551186 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Strategy use in the reading span test: An analysis of eye movements and reported encoding strategies
Kaakinen, J. K., & Hyönä, J. (2007) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658210701457096 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Why is working memory performance unstable? A review of 21 factors
Blasiman, R. N., & Was, C. A. (2018) · Europe’s Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5964/ejop.v14i1.1472 · Cited by 65 · see citing works

Working memories and their relationships to motor function and academic achievement
Xue-fen, Z. (2005) · Zhonghua xingwei yixue yu naokexue zazhi
The Development of Reading and Operation Span Tasks in Persian as Measures of Working Memory Capacity for Iranian EFL Learners
Najjari, R., & Mohammadi, M. (2017) · Journal of teaching language skills · doi:10.22099/jtls.2017.24688.2215
Working Memory, Task Switching, and Executive Control in the Task Span Procedure.
Logan, G. D. (2004) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.133.2.218 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
The role of working memory capacity in interpreting performance
Bae, M., & Jeong, C. J. (2021) · Translation Cognition & Behavior · doi:10.1075/tcb.00050.bae · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Working Memory, Situation Models, and Synesthesia
Radvansky, G. A., Gibson, B. S., & McNerney, M. W. (2014) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5406/amerjpsyc.127.3.0325 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Authors: Turner, M. L., & Engle, R. W.
Affiliations: Wichita State University (US)
University of South Carolina (US)
Corresponding author: Turner, Marilyn L
Engle, Randall W
ORCID: Engle, Randall W
Venue: Journal of Memory and Language
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1989-04
Volume: 28
Issue: 2
Pages: 127-154
ISSN: 0749-596X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/0749-596x(89)90040-5
OpenAlex: W1997544838
Cited by: 2,299
References: 43
Citations by year: 2026: 42 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 82 · 2023: 73 · 2022: 103 · 2021: 99 · 2020: 87 · 2019: 108 · 2018: 102 · 2017: 113 · 2016: 118 · 2015: 124 · 2014: 126 · 2013: 101 · 2012: 111
FWCI: 14.04
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Memory and Language (publishedVersion)
Funders: Air Force Office of Scientific Research (870069)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
Keywords: working memory capacity, complex span, reading comprehension, arithmetic exercises, word span, digit span, SAT scores, quantitative skills, task difficulty

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Is working memory capacity task dependent?

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks