Cited by 184Religion, Spirituality, and PsychologyReligion and Society InteractionsHealth disparities and outcomes

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Religious Participation, Interleukin-6, and Mortality in Older Adults.

Lutgendorf, Susan K., Russell, Daniel, Ullrich, Philip, Harris, Tamara B., Wallace, Robert·2004·Health Psychology

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Abstract

This study prospectively examined the relationship between religious attendance, interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels, and mortality rates in a community-based sample of 557 older adults. Attending religious services more than once weekly was a significant predictor of lower subsequent 12-year mortality and elevated IL-6 levels (> 3.19 pg/mL), with a mortality ratio of.32 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.15,0.72; p <.01) and an odds ratio for elevated IL-6 of.34 (95% CI = 0.16, 0.73, p <.01), compared with never attending religious services. Structural equation modeling indicated religious attendance was significantly related to lower mortality rates and IL-6 levels, and IL-6 levels mediated the prospective relationship between religious attendance and mortality. Results were independent of covariates including age, sex, health behaviors, chronic illness, social support, and depression. Findings are consistent with a role for IL-6 in processes mediating the relationship between religious attendance and mortality.

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Background
Possible Influence of Spiritual and Religious Beliefs on Hypertension
Giaquinto, S., & Spiridigliozzi, C. (2007) · Clinical and Experimental Hypertension · doi:10.1080/10641960701615683 · Cited by 17
Religion in the US during the time of a Pandemic: A Medical Perspective
Knight, D. R. T., Dudenkov, D. V., & Cheshire, W. P. (2021) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-021-01366-8 · Cited by 16
Psychoneuroimmunology: application to ocular diseases
Ventura, L. M. (2009) · Journal of ocular biology, diseases, and informatics · doi:10.1007/s12177-009-9028-4 · Cited by 16
A Novel Religious/Spiritual Group Psychotherapy Reduces Depressive Symptoms in a Randomized Clinical Trial
Chida, Y., Schrempft, S., & Steptoe, A. (2015) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-015-0113-7 · Cited by 15
“Religiosity/spirituality might attenuate sympathetic nervous system activity and enhance parasympathetic activation, leading to decreased blood pressure (Gillum and Ingram 2006; Yeager et al. 2006) and inflammatory cytokine levels (Koenig et al. 1997; Lutgendorf et al. 2004).”
Background
Worship Attendance and the Disability Process in Community-Dwelling Older Adults
Fitchett, G. A., Benjamins, M. R., Skarupski, K. A., & de Leon, C. F. M. (2013) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbs165 · Cited by 17
Influence of Social Engagement on Mortality in Korea: Analysis of the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (2006-2012)
Kim, J., Lee, S. G., Kim, T. H., Choi, Y. S., Lee, Y., & Park, E. (2016) · Journal of Korean Medical Science · doi:10.3346/jkms.2016.31.7.1020 · Cited by 15
Association of Islamic Prayer with Psychological Stability in Bosnian War Veterans
Pajević, I., Sinanović, O., & Hasanovic, M. I. (2017) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-017-0431-z · Cited by 15
Concepções de Espiritualidade e Religiosidade e a Prática Multiprofissional em Cuidados Paliativos
Ferreira, A. G. D. C., Duarte, T. M. D. M., da Silva, A. F., & Bezerra, M. R. (2015) · Americanae (AECID Library) · doi:10.23925/2176-901x.2015v18i3p227-244 · Cited by 14
Spirituality Among Older Adults: An Exploration of the Developmental Context, Impact on Mental and Physical Health, and Integration into Counseling
Turesky, D. G., & Schultz, J. M. (2010) · Journal of Religion Spirituality & Aging · doi:10.1080/15528030903437406 · Cited by 15
“Moreover, Lutgendorf, Russell, Ullrich, Harris, and Wallace (2004 ) explored the role of immune functioning as a possible mediator in the relationship between religious attendance and mortality among a sample of 557 older adults.”
Background
Autonomy, positive relationships, and IL‐6: Evidence for gender‐specific effects
Eisenlohr-Moul, T. A., & Segerstrom, S. C. (2012) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8287.2012.02085.x · Cited by 13
The association of mental health with positive behaviours, attitudes and virtues in community-dwelling older adults: Results of a population-based study
Martins, E. L. M., Salamene, L. C., Lucchetti, A. L. G., & Lucchetti, G. (2021) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764021999690 · Cited by 15
“optimism, positive affectivity and beliefs of the individual can influence physiological parameters such as cortisol, immunity and proinflammatory markers (Lai et al., 2005; Lutgendorf et al., 2004; Tobin & Slatcher, 2016), factors also implicated in mental health outcomes (Young et al.”
Background
Definitions
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0001 · Cited by 12
Effect of Social Engagement on Self-rated Health Trajectory among Korean Older Adults
민주홍 (2013) · Health and Social Welfare Review · doi:10.15709/hswr.2013.33.4.105 · Cited by 11
Stress, Negative Emotions, and Inflammation
Gouin, J., Hantsoo, L. V., & Kiecolt‐Glaser, J. K. (2011) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195342161.013.0054 · Cited by 14
Take Me to (the Empty) Church? Social Networks, Loneliness and Religious Attendance in Young Polish Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Okruszek, Ł., Piejka, A., & Żurek, K. (2022) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-021-01486-1 · Cited by 14
Stress, Coping, and Immune Function
Dougall, A. L., & Baum, A. E. (2003) · Handbook of Psychology · doi:10.1002/0471264385.wei0316 · Cited by 11
Religion and health in rural Malawi
Kendall, J. (2019) · Journal of religion and health · doi:10.1007/s10943-019-00804-y · Cited by 6
Mediation analysis of leisure activities on the association between cognitive function and mortality: a longitudinal study of 42,942 Chinese adults 65 years and older
Chen, X., Wu, W., Zhang, X., Long, T., Zhu, W., Hu, R., Jin, X., Yan, L. L., & Yao, Y. (2022) · Epidemiology and Health · doi:10.4178/epih.e2022112 · Cited by 10
“The mechanisms may include support (received or provided), reduced depression, and positive emotions leading to the health-promoting physiological effects of decreased chronic sympatho-adrenal activation, improved immune function, and less chronic inflammation [36-38].”
Background
Impact of Religion and Spirituality in Older Persons
Lucchetti, G., Vitorino, L. M., Nasri, F., & Lucchetti, A. L. G. (2019) · Religion, spirituality and health: a social scientific approach · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-21221-6_8 · Cited by 11
Psychological Influences on Neuroendocrine and Immune Outcomes
Christian, L. M., Deichert, N. T., Gouin, J., Graham‐Engeland, J. E., & Kiecolt‐Glaser, J. K. (2009) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470478509.neubb002064 · Cited by 10
Geospatial analytics for promoting a healthy peri-urban city: A health-cartographic perspective
Iamtrakul, P., Chayphong, S., & Gao, W. (2025) · Journal of Urban Management · doi:10.1016/j.jum.2025.05.013 · Cited by 6
Effectiveness of religious activity on the quality of life and healthcare outcomes of adults aged 65 and older: a systematic review
Lizarondo, L. M., & Lockwood, C. S. (2009) · The JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports · doi:10.11124/01938924-200907180-00001 · Cited by 5
Psychoneuroimmunology: application to ocular diseases
Ventura, L. M. (2009) · Journal of ocular biology, diseases, and informatics · doi:10.1007/s12177-009-9032-8 · Cited by 5
“[75] provided support for the hypothesis that more frequent religious attendance in a population-based sample of older adults is associated with lower mortality and lower levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), a cytokine linked to a number of age-related diseases.”
Impact of Religious Involvement and Religious Commitment on Post-Pandemic Well-Being among Chinese University Students
Hu, X., Cheng, S., & Lai, Y. (2022) · Religious Education · doi:10.1080/00344087.2022.2071052 · Cited by 5
Spiritual Care: Define and Redefine Self
Sridharan, K., & Sivaramakrishnan, G. (2016) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-016-0269-9 · Cited by 5
“This study gave an evidence of the possible relationship between spirituality and mortality via interleukins (Lutgendorf et al. 2004).”
Background
Stress, spirituality, and cytokines in aging and cancer
Lutgendorf, S. K. (2005) · Gynecologic Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2005.07.065 · Cited by 5
Self-citation
Cardiac autonomic modulation related to prayer may contribute to the reduced cardiovascular mortality associated with religiosity/spirituality
Tolentino, J. C. (2019) · doi:10.31487/j.jicoa.2019.02.05 · Cited by 5
“The acute physiological changes occurring during prayer and meditation have been extensively researched and show a reduction of sympathetic nervous system activity decrease, oxygen consumption, minute ventilation, and respiratory rate [32-54].”
Background
An Assessment of Indigenous Knowledge of Music Therapy in Nigeria
Aluede, C. O., Ogisi, A. A., & Okakah, F. I. (2023) · Voices A World Forum for Music Therapy · doi:10.15845/voices.v23i1.3073 · Cited by 4
Increased Congregational Support for Parents of Children with Cystic Fibrosis
Szczesniak, R. D., Zou, Y., Wetzel, J. D., KRAUSE, N. M., & Grossoehme, D. H. (2014) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-014-9928-x · Cited by 4
“In a study of over 550 older adults, attending religious services more than once weekly was determined to be a significant predictor of lower subsequent 12-year mortality compared with never attending religious services (Lutgendorf et al. 2004).”
Background
Regional Brain Volume Changes in Catholic Nuns: A Cross-Sectional Study Using Deep Learning-Based Brain MRI Segmentation
Chung, J. H., Eun, Y., Ock, S. M., Kim, B.-K., Kim, T.-H., Kim, D., Park, S. J., Im, M.-K., & Kim, S. (2022) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2022.0165 · Cited by 4
Measurement
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0002 · Cited by 5
Culture, Cognition, and Ritual
Xygalatas, D. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197689783.003.0003 · Cited by 5

Authors: Lutgendorf, S. K., Russell, D., Ullrich, P., Harris, T. B., & Wallace, R.
Affiliations: University of Iowa (US)
National Institutes of Health (US)
ORCID: Lutgendorf, Susan K.
Russell, Daniel
Harris, Tamara B.
Wallace, Robert
Venue: Health Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2004
Volume: 23
Issue: 5
Pages: 465-475
ISSN: 0278-6133 (ISSN-L)
1930-7810
DOI: 10.1037/0278-6133.23.5.465
OpenAlex: W2095240592
Cited by: 184
References: 93
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 9
FWCI: 7.91
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Health Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute on Aging (AG02106)
National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH062666, MH62666)
National Cancer Institute (R21CA088293)
Topics: Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Religion and Society Interactions
Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Keywords: religious service attendance, interleukin-6, mortality, older adults, religiosity, inflammation, mediation, community-dwelling older adults
MeSH terms: Activities of Daily Living, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Health Surveys, Humans, Iowa, Life Change Events, Male, Mortality, Religion and Psychology, Rural Population, Interleukin-6, Confidence Intervals

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Religious Participation, Interleukin-6, and Mortality in Older Adults.

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