Relative memory deficits in recurrent versus first-episode major depression on a word-list learning task.
Abstract
Although memory deficits are associated with major depressive disorder, few studies have identified which patient characteristics predict impairment. Because recurrent depression appears related to more severe cerebral dysfunction, the present study tested whether recurrent depressed individuals have worse memory function than first-episode depressed individuals. Two groups of young-adult, nonpsychotic, depressed inpatients (20 single episode [SE] and 46 recurrent episode [RE]) were administered the California Verbal Learning Test within a broader battery of neuropsychological tests. The groups were equivalent in age, education, estimated IQ, severity of depression, and demographic composition. The RE group demonstrated memory deficits relative to both the SE group and published norms, but no other significant difference was found across the battery. Data indicate that abnormal memory performance is associated with recurrent depression, whereas memory deficits are not prominent in first-episode depressed individuals.
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Cognitive symptoms worsen with repeated depressive episodes.
“Cognitive symptoms are seen in first-episode depression [6,8], persist beyond the symptoms of low mood [9-11], contribute to the risk of relapse [12], and worsen with repeated depressive episodes [13,14].”
From Wearable technology for high-frequency cognitive and mood assessment in major depressive disorder: longitudinal observational study (2019) · cites this paper as [13]
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“The relatively high prevalence rates of these comorbid disorders is potentially significant given findings suggesting that alcoholism and major depression may themselves impact cognitive functioning ( Basso & Bornstein, 1999; Brown, Tapert, Granholm, & Delis, 2000; Kalska, Punamaki, Makinen-Pelli, & Saarinen, 1999; Me…”
BackgroundThe effects of depression and anxiety on memory performance
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“Whereas Fossati et al. (1999) found predominantly executive dysfunctions, others reported primarily memory disturbances (Lemelin et al. 1996 ; Basso & Bornstein, 1999 ; Sweeney et al. 2000) or rather generalized impairments in most cognitive domains (Majer et al. 2004).”
BackgroundImpairment across executive functions in recurrent major depression
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“Patients with first episode of depression have been shown to be less cognitively impaired than were patients who have had recurrent episodes (29), supporting the hypothesis that recurrence of episodes may increases the risk of cognitive impairment (30).”
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“Recently, Basso and Bornstein (1999b) using a verbal memory task—the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT)—have suggested that recurrent UP depression was associated with increased memory dysfunction relative to individuals experiencing their first episode of depression.”
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“…with a chronic and recurrent illness history show greater impairment on tests of social (McKinnon et al., 2010) and cognitive function, (e.g., Basso and Bornstein, 1999; MacQueen et al., 2002), we examined the relation between illness burden (e.g., number of depressive episodes, illness…”
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“These results highlight the debilitating effects of long term recurrent depression on cognitive functions (Basso and Bornstein, 1999; Fossati et al.) and may explain our negative results as the mean numbers of depressive episodes in our sample were 1.2 and 1.4 for MDDa and MDDr respectively.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialMiller, J. M., Brennan, K. G., Ogden, R. T., Oquendo, M. A., Sullivan, G. M., Mann, J. J., & Parsey, R. V. (2009) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2009.54 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
“We required a minimum of two prior MDEs given findings of greater biological abnormalities in recurrent as opposed to single episode MDD (Basso and Bornstein, 1999, Kupfer et al, 1991, Thase, 1992, Thase et al, 1995), with at least one difference persisting into remission (Jindal et al, 2002).”
Comorbid anxiety corresponds with neuropsychological dysfunction in unipolar depression
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“…neurobehavioral morbidity include recurrence of depressive episodes, occurrence of psychotic features, severity of depression, presence of melancholic features, and endogenous onset (cf. Austin, Mitchell, & Goodwin, 2001; Basso & Bornstein, 1999a, 1999b; McCall & Dunn, 2003; Stordal et al., 2004).”
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Depression History, Stress, and Pain in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients
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“When compared to individuals with a single prior depressive episode, those with recurrent depression have manifested greater sleep disturbance (Jindal et al. 2002; Thase et al. 1995) and memory deficits ( Basso and Bornstein 1999 ), lower levels of perceived social support (Wilhelm et al. 1999), and less response to p…”
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“[Bornstein et al., 1991], and in subjects who suffer recurrent depression [Basso and Bornstein, 1999] or particularly long episodes of depression.”
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“In particular, it may be important to query the interaction of this variable with illness burden in patients with and without recurrent episodes of MDD, where patients with recurrent illness appear more vulnerable to recollective memory dysfunction than patients who have experienced a single episode of illness ( Basso…”
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“Cognitive symptoms are seen in first-episode depression [6,8], persist beyond the symptoms of low mood [9-11], contribute to the risk of relapse [12], and worsen with repeated depressive episodes [13,14].”
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“Deficits seem to increase with the number of depressive episodes (Basso & Bornstein, 1999 ; Fossati et al. 2004), melancholic symptoms (Austin et al. 1999) and age (Christensen et al. 1997).”
BackgroundFunctional and Work Disability in Major Depressive Disorder
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“Other studies have found recurrent depression to be a significant predictor of poor functioning (Basso and Bornstein, 1999; Sheline et al., 1999) or poor work adjustment (Bauwens et al.”
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“, 2014) and that EF impairments may be related to current and past severity and/or chronicity in those with MDD (Basso and Bornstein, 1999; Karabekiroğlu et al., 2010; McDermott and Ebmeier, 2009).”
BackgroundEmotional information processing in first and recurrent major depressive episodes
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“…episodes of major depression impair memory (Gorwood et al., 2008) and a correlation between depression severity and the magnitude of cognitive deficits has been reported in a population of young adult depressed patients (Basso and Bornstein, 1999; Egeland et al., 2003; Merriam et al., 1999).”
Which cognitive domains are improved by treatment with vortioxetine?
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“…& Pantelis, 1997), visuospatial processing (Bulbena & Berrios, 1993; Porter, Gallagher, Thompson, & Young, 2003), verbal and non-verbal learning (Basso & Bornstein, 1999), motor functioning (Borkowska & Rybakowski, 2001; Landro et al., 2001), and executive functioning (Merriam, Thase, Haas,…”
Rytsälä, H. J., Melartin, T. K., Leskelä, U. S., Lestelä-Mielonen, P. S., Sokero, T. P., & Isometsä, E. T. (2006) · Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000230394.21345.c4 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“Alternatively, it is possible that their effect is a reflection of more fundamental illness processes such as long-term deficiencies in neuropsychological functioning caused by repeated illness episodes (Basso and Bornstein, 1999).”
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“Previous research informs us that highly recurrent depression is associated with greater illness characteristics, including greater cognitive and biological impairments compared to less recurrent depression (Basso & Bornstein, 1999; Hollon et al., 2006; Thase et al., 1995).”
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“Of note, multiple past depressive episodes have been shown to predict poor treatment response (Gorwood et al., 2010) and the presence of various cognitive deficits (e.g. Basso & Bornstein, 1999; Elgamal, Denburg, Marriott, & Macqueen, 2010; Vanderhasselt & De Raedt, 2009).”
BackgroundPhysical activity modifies the association between depression and cognitive function in older adults
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“…et al., 1997; Merriam et al., 1999; Schatzberg et al., 2000; Paelecke-Habermann et al., 2005), sustained vigilance ( Landro et al., 2001; Egeland et al., 2003) and short-term as well as working memory (Purcell et al., 1997; Basso and Bornstein, 1999; Pelosi et al., 2000; Bearden et al., 2006).”
BackgroundSun, X., Mwamburi, D. M., Bungay, K. M., Prasad, J., Yee, J., Lin, Y., Liu, T. C., D, P. S. M., Folstein, M. F., & Qiu, W. Q. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.01.003 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
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Cognitive functioning and cortisol profiles in first episode major depression
Hansson, P. B., Murison, R. C. C., Lund, A., & Hammar, Å. (2015) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12230 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“This is a verbal learning and memory test which measures acquisition, recall and recognition processes (Basso & Bornstein, 1999).”
BackgroundVerbal learning and memory in depression: A 9-year follow-up study
Halvorsen, M. B., Waterloo, K. K., Sundet, K. S., Eisemann, M. R., & Wang, C. E. A. (2011) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.02.022 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“…the course of verbal learning and memory status after a follow-up time of 9 years in groups of CDs, PDs, and NDs. Previous research has indicated that a history of depressive episodes is associated with verbal memory deficits (Basso and Bornstein, 1999; MacQueen et al., 2002; Fossati et al., 2004).”
BackgroundCognitive Control Functions in Unipolar Major Depression with and without Co-Morbid Anxiety Disorder
Lyche, P., Jonassen, R., Stiles, T., Ulleberg, P., & Landrø, N. (2010) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2010.00149 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Research on the possible effects of number of episodes on cognition has yielded inconsistent results regarding whether number of recurrent depressive episodes confounds with increased cognitive impairment or not (Veiel, 1997; Basso and Bornstein, 1999; Stordal et al., 2004).”
ResultRose or black-coloured glasses?
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“These findings are in line with most other studies that investigated memory performance in the early course of MDD (Basso and Bornstein, 1999; Fossati et al., 2004a; MacQueen et al., 2002).”
ResultPredictors of cognitive impairment in treatment-resistant depression
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“…of the depressed participants in the present study had suffered only a single depressive episode, as it has been reported previously that verbal memory deficits are associated with recurrent depression when compared to single-episode depression (Basso & Bornstein, 1999 ; Fossati et al. 2004).”
ResultMismatch Negativity of Sad Syllables Is Absent in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder
Pang, X., Xu, J., Chang, Y., Tang, D., Zheng, Y., Liu, Y., & Sun, Y. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0091995 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
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Auditory Memory Decrements, Without Dissimulation, among Patients with Major Depressive Disorder
Considine, C. M., Weisenbach, S. L., Walker, S. J., McFadden, E. M., Franti, L., Bieliauskas, L. A., Maixner, D. F., Giordani, B., Berent, S., & Langenecker, S. A. (2011) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/acr041 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“With specific regard to memory, there are reports of decreased performance on measures of initial and delayed recall and delayed recognition by individuals with MDD (Austin et al., 1992; Basso & Bornstein, 1999; Burt et al., 1995).”
BackgroundQuarantini, L. C., Miranda-Scippa, Â. M. D. A., Batista-Neves, S. C., Powell, V. B., Abreu, N., Abreu, K. C., Moura, I., Crane, J. N., Sampaio, A. S., Netto, L. R., et al. (2009) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.21508 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Stordal, K. I., Lundervold, A. J., Mykletun, A., Asbjørnsen, A. E., Biringer, E., Egeland, J., Hammar, Å., Landrø, N. I., Roness, A., Rund, B. R., et al. (2005) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/15622970510029894 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Mehrabadi, S., Sadatmahalleh, S. J., Kazemnejad, A., & Moini, A. (2020) · International Journal of Reproductive BioMedicine (IJRM) · doi:10.18502/ijrm.v18i12.8026 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Therefore, the presence of both depressive and anxiety disorders will lead to cognitive impairment (29-30).”
BackgroundSteadman, J., Pawlby, S. J., Mayers, A., Bucks, R. S., Grégoire, A., Miele‐Norton, M., & Hogan, A. M. (2007) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/02646830701691343 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Poorer cognitive functioning has been associated with recurrent rather than single episode depression (Basso & Bornstein, 1999), and hospitalisation is associated with higher levels of depressive symptomatology which, in turn, may be associated with maternal interactional behaviours, for example…”
BackgroundSerum ApoB levels in depressive patients: associated with cognitive deficits
Hui, L., Han, M., Du, X., Zhang, B. H., He, S. C., Shao, T. N., & Yin, G. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep39992 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Jia, Q. F., Chen, P., Zhu, H. L., Chen, S. S., Gu, X. C., Yin, X. Y., Yan, W., Yin, G., & Hui, L. (2019) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-019-09641-4 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Cognitive functions in patients with recurrent MDD were found to significantly decline with each successive episode of depression [13, 14].”
Alhaj, H. A., Massey, A. E., & McAllister-Williams, H. (2006) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2006.08.008 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Canpolat, S., Kırpınar, İ., Deveci, E., Aksoy, H., Bayraktutan, Z., Eren, İ., Demir, R., Selek, S., & Aydın, N. (2014) · The Scientific World JOURNAL · doi:10.1155/2014/624395 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Patients with Major Depression Show Intact Memory Performance—Given Optimal Conditions
Hammar, Å., Isaksen, L., Schmid, M. T., Årdal, G., & Strand, M. (2011) · Applied Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09084282.2011.595445 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“The CVLT-II is a verbal learning and memory test that permits examination of acquisition, recall, and recognition processes (Basso & Bornstein, 1999).”
BackgroundMethodYu, J., Lim, H.-Y., Abdullah, F. N. M., Chan, H.-M., Mahendran, R., Ho, R., Kua, E. H., Power, M., & Feng, L. (2017) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291717003154 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“It should be noted that such co-occurrence of depression and memory deficits are not exclusive to the older population; they have been observed among younger adults as well (Basso & Bornstein, 1999; Baune et al. 2014).”
BackgroundHammar, Å., & Årdal, G. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00652 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“CVLT is a verbal learning and memory test, which permits examination of acquisition, retrieval, and retention processes (Basso and Bornstein, 1999).”
Verbal Memory Functions in Unipolar Major Depression With and Without Co-Morbid Anxiety
Lyche, P., Jonassen, R., Stiles, T. C., Ulleberg, P., & Landrø, N. I. (2011) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2010.547518 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Zu, S., Wang, D., Fang, J., Xiao, L., Zhu, X., Wu, W., Wang, G., & Hu, Y. (2021) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s317770 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Neural basis of recollection in first‐episode major depression
van Eijndhoven, P., van Wingen, G. A., Fernández, G., Rijpkema, M., Pop‐Purceleanu, M., Verkes, R. J., Buitelaar, J. K., & Tendolkar, I. (2012) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.21439 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“…of recollection deficits is in line with most other studies that investigated memory performance in the early course of MDD [Albus et al., 1996; Basso and Bornstein, 1999; Fossati et al., 2004] and indicates that recollection deficits in MDD are probably more associated with longer duration of…”
BackgroundResultDo different depression phenotypes have different risks for recurrent coronary heart disease?
Shaffer, J. A., Whang, W., Shimbo, D., Burg, M. M., Schwartz, J. E., & Davidson, K. W. (2011) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2010.527610 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“…to consider when examining the risk of recurrent MACE/ACM among patients with CHD and depression, as the aetiology, risk factors and neuropsychological deficits of recurrent and first episode MDD have been shown to differ (Basso & Bornstein, 1999; Lewinsohn, Allen, Seeley, & Gotlib, 1999).”
BackgroundCognitive functioning and cortisol suppression in recurrent major depression
Hansson, P. B., Murison, R. C. C., Lund, A., & Hammar, Å. (2013) · PsyCh Journal · doi:10.1002/pchj.29 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Italian psychiatrists’ perception on cognitive symptoms in major depressive disorder
Albert, U., Brugnoli, R., Caraci, F., Dell’Osso, B. M., Sciascio, G. D., Tortorella, A. A. V., Vampini, C., Cataldo, N., & Pegoraro, V. (2015) · International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice · doi:10.3109/13651501.2015.1093147 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Moreover, further evidence suggests that the cognitive function in patients with recurrent depression declines with each successive episode of depression (Basso and Bornstein 1999; Stordal et al. 2004).”
BackgroundHerrera‐Guzmán, I., Gudayol‐Ferré, E., Jarne-Esparcia, A. J., Herrera‐Abarca, J. E., Herrera-Guzmán, D., Peró, M., & Guàrdia‐Olmos, J. (2009) · The European Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4321/s0213-61632009000100001 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Kim, H. K., Baik, S. Y., Kim, Y. W., & Lee, S. (2021) · Neuropsychopharmacology Reports · doi:10.1002/npr2.12220 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“We hypothesized that vortioxetine would (1) improve the cognitive function of patients with MDD, (2) increase the highfrequency band power and decrease the lowfrequency band power, and (3) induce greater negative MMN amplitude.”
BackgroundTemporal profiling of depression vulnerability in a preclinical model of sustained depression
Riga, D., Schmitz, L. J. M., Hoogendijk, W. J. G., Smit, A. B., & Spijker, S. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-06984-5 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
What Attorneys and Factfinders Need to Know About Mild Traumatic Brain Injuries
Kaufman, N., Bush, S., & Aguilar, M. R. (2019) · Psychological Injury and Law · doi:10.1007/s12207-019-09355-9 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Lavi, S., Shamai‐Leshem, D., Bar‐Haim, Y., & Lazarov, A. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.01.058 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Gregory, E. C., Torres, I. J., Blumberger, D. M., Downar, J., Daskalakis, Z. J., & Vila-Rodriguez, F. (2022) · Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface · doi:10.1016/j.neurom.2021.10.001 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Information processing in patients with first episode major depression
Hammar, Å., KILDAL, A. B., & Schmid, M. T. (2012) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12012 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Theory of psychological adaptive modes
Lehti, J. (2016) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2016.03.003 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Comparison of first episode and recurrent major depression patients in terms of cognitive function
Kaygusuz, Ç. Ç., Arısoy, Ö., Boztaş, M. H., & Sercan, M. (2013) · Dusunen Adam The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences · doi:10.5350/dajpn2013260401 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Somewhat similar to our study, Basso and Bornstein (27) compared relatively young 20 FE and 46 RD inpatients and reported that RD group demonstrated verbal memory deficits involving immediate recall, delayed recall and total learning relative to FE group and published norms, but no other significant difference was fou…”
ResultCognitive distinctions between depression and early Alzheimer's disease in the elderly
Murray, L. L. (2002) · Aphasiology · doi:10.1080/02687030244000293 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“…depression/unipolar or dysthymia according to DSM-IV criteria (Frances, Ross & First, 1995), had histories of recurrent episodes of depression (Basso & Bornstein, 1999), and all of them reported memory and other cognitive problems (e.g., poor concentration) during the initial interview for…”
MethodThe role of the ventral prefrontal cortex in mood disorders
Fredericks, C. A., Kalmar, J. H., & Blumberg, H. P. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198565741.003.0021 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Li, X., Pesonen, J., Haimi, E., Wang, H., & Astikainen, P. (2020) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2020.104861 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Antidepressant Treatment of Geriatric Depression
Ciraulo, D. A., Evans, J. A., Qiu, W. Q., Shader, R. I., & Salzman, C. (2010) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-60327-435-7_3 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
An End-to-End Overview of Clinical Speech AI
Ng, S.-I., Xu, L., Siegert, I., Cummins, N., Benway, N. R., Liss, J., & Berisha, V. (2026) · IEEE Transactions on Audio Speech and Language Processing · doi:10.1109/taslpro.2026.3660470 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“To increase cognitive demands, some clinical speech studies incorporate tasks such as the Stroop Color Word Test [92] or word list learning and recall [93].”
Imaging Functional Systems in Depression
Young, C. B., Mueller, B. W., & Tendolkar, I. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802456-0.00008-x · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Ottowitz, W. E., Deckersbach, T., Savage, C. R., Lindquist, M. A., & Dougherty, D. D. (2010) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/jnp.2010.22.2.218 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Are cognitive deficits in major depressive disorder progressive?
Cléry-Melin, M.-L., & Gorwood, P. A. P. M. (2015) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139860567.010 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Enjeu neuro-cognitif de la dépression
Jouvent, R. (2007) · L Encéphale · doi:10.1016/s0013-7006(07)79743-9 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Clinical relevance of cognitive dysfunction in major depressive disorder
Cha, D. S. (2015) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139860567.002 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
La dépression et le traitement antidépresseur: de la neurotoxicité à la neurogenèse
Radtchenko, A., Granger, B., & Debray, Q. (2009) · PSN · doi:10.1007/s11836-009-0099-x
Davis, D. M. (2018) · doi:10.18297/etd/3137 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“…findings indicating varying performance patterns on neuropsychological tests among depressed participants with ruminative thinking styles (Basso & Bornstein, 1999; Cassens, Wolfe, & Zola, 1990; McDermott & Ebmeier, 2009; Rohling, Green, Allen & Iverson, 2002; Castenada Tuulio-Henriksson,…”
BackgroundDetermining the cognitive performance in the first episode of depression
Vicent-Gil, M., & Portella, M. J. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-817935-2.00007-6 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Schmid, M. T., Ronold, E. H., Løchen, M., & Hammar, Å. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1623126 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Neuropsychologische Therapie bei psychischen Erkrankungen
Weisbrod, M., Aschenbrenner, S., & Buschert, V. C. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-49295-6_39 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Cognitive Dimensions of Depression: Assessment, Neurobiology, and Treatment
Jeon, S. W., & Kim, Y. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-6577-4_11 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Basso, M. R., & Bornstein, R. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Tulsa (US)
- ORCID
- Basso, Michael R.
- Venue
- Neuropsychology
- Published
- 1999
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 557-563
- ISSN
- 0894-4105 (ISSN-L)
- 1931-1559
- OpenAlex
- W2050904569
- Cited by
- 141
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 2.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neuropsychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- recurrent depression, first-episode depression, major depressive disorder, memory impairment, word list learning, California Verbal Learning Test, neuropsychological assessment, cognitive impairment in depression
- MeSH terms
- Acute Disease, Adult, Analysis of Variance, Depressive Disorder, Major, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Memory Disorders, Neuropsychological Tests, Recurrence, Reference Values, Verbal Learning, Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic
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