Relationships Among Neurocognition, Symptoms, and Functioning in Treatment-Resistant Depression
Abstract
Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) refers to a condition where individuals with major depressive disorder have inadequate or no response to treatment. Although functional disability is a prominent and costly feature of treatment resistance, very little is known about the factors that contribute to and maintain functional impairment in TRD. This is the first study to report the neurocognitive profile of TRD and the relationships among neurocognition, symptoms, and functioning in this syndrome. Results indicated that patients with TRD (N = 33) exhibit mildly reduced performance across all neurocognitive domains with a superimposed moderate impairment in verbal working memory. Neurocognition was associated with functional competence (what one can do), whereas depressive symptoms were associated with functional performance (what one actually does). Understanding the psychological mechanisms related to functioning may help us move toward recovery in this chronically ill group.
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The most frequent findings include small to moderate deficits in attention, working memory, learning, processing speed, and executive functions in major depressive disorder.
“The most frequent findings include small to moderate deficits in attention [22], working memory [25], learning [10], processing speed [26], and executive functions [27].”
From Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? (2016) · cites this paper as [25]
Poorer memory, attention, and executive function have been associated with impairment in activities of daily living.
“Poorer memory [15,16], attention, and executive function [17] have been associated with impairment in activities of daily living.”
From Wearable technology for high-frequency cognitive and mood assessment in major depressive disorder: longitudinal observational study (2019) · cites this paper as [17]
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- Authors
- Gupta, M., Holshausen, K., Best, M. W., Jokic, R., Milev, R., Bernard, T., Gou, L., & Bowie, C. R.
- Affiliations
- Queen's University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Bowie, C. R.
- Venue
- Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2013-01-22
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 272-281
- ISSN
- 0887-6177 (ISSN-L)
- 1873-5843
- OpenAlex
- W2334557683
- Cited by
- 53
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 2.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- treatment-resistant depression, neurocognitive function, functional disability, verbal working memory, depressive symptoms, functional competence, major depressive disorder, chronic depression
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Cognition Disorders, Female, Humans, Male, Memory, Middle Aged, Psychological Tests, Quality of Life, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant
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