Cited by 764Stress and Burnout ResearchOccupational Health and BurnoutPsychometric Methodologies and Testing

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A comparison of the construct validity of two burnout measures in two groups of professionals.

Shirom, Arie, Melamed, Samuel·2006·International Journal of Stress Management

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Abstract

Arie ShiromTel Aviv UniversitySamuel MelamedTel Aviv University and National Institute of Occupational & EnvironmentalHealthThe authors studied certain aspects of the construct validity of the MaslachBurnout InventoryGeneral Survey (MBI-GS), the most popular measure ofburnout, and that of the Shirom-Melamed Burnout Measure (SMBM). Theseburnout measures were compared with respect to their psychometric char-acteristics and factorial validity in two groups of professionals, humanservice and other professionals (N 196 and 226, respectively), whocompleted questionnaires at work. As hypothesized, the con rmatory factoranalyses supported a two-factor and a three-factor structure invarianceacross the two groups considered for the SMBM and the MBI-GS, respec-tively, with superior t found for the SMBM.

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Background
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Background
Burnout and depression: Points of convergence and divergence
Tavella, G., Hadži-Pavlović, D., Bayes, A. J., Jebejian, A., Manicavasagar, V. L., Walker, P., & Parker, G. B. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.07.095 · Cited by 31
A Participatory Intervention to Improve the Psychosocial Work Environment and Mental Health in Human Service Organisations. A Mixed Methods Evaluation Study
Cedstrand, E., Nyberg, A., Sanchez-Bengtsson, S., Alderling, M., Augustsson, H., Bodin, T., Alvesson, H. M., & Johansson, G. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18073546 · Cited by 27
“The primary outcome measure is symptoms of burnout, which was determined with the Shirom Melamed Burnout Measurement (SMBM) [37], a 14-item scale from the 21-item long Shirom Melamed Burnout Questionnaire.”
Method
Improving employees’ work-related well-being and physical health through a technology-based physical activity intervention: A randomized intervention-control group study.
Lennefer, T., Lopper, E., Wiedemann, A. U., Heß, U., & Hoppe, A. (2019) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/ocp0000169 · Cited by 27
“We assessed participants’ burnout with the German version of the Shirom–Melamed Burnout Measure (Shirom & Melamed, 2006).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Burnout in Portuguese Teachers: A Systematic Review
Mota, A. I., Lopes, J. A. L., & Oliveira, C. R. (2021) · European Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.12973/eu-jer.10.2.693 · Cited by 41
“Although the MBI is the most widely used instrument in burnout research at the international level (cf. Boudreau & Nakashima, 2002), several criticisms have been made regarding its validity (e.g., Bria, 2014; Faúndez & Gil-Monte, 2009; Figueiredo-Ferraz et al., 2013; Shirom & Melamed, 2006).”
Self-Reported Symptoms of Burnout in Novice Professional Counselors: A Content Analysis
Cook, R. M., Fye, H. J., Jones, J. M., & Baltrinic, E. R. (2021) · The Professional Counselor · doi:10.15241/rmc.11.1.31 · Cited by 30
“In other models of burnout (e.g., Kristensen et al., 2005; Shirom & Melamed, 2006), feelings or emotions are most often conceptualized as emotional exhaustion, emotional fatigue, or emotional distress.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Executive function deficits mediate the relationship between employees’ ADHD and job burnout
Turjeman-Levi, Y., Itzchakov, G., & Engel-Yeger, B. (2024) · AIMS Public Health · doi:10.3934/publichealth.2024015 · Cited by 28
“We used the 14-item Shirom-Melamed Burnout Measure (hereafter SMBM) [57].”
Method
Epilogue: mapping future research on burnout and health
Shirom, A. (2009) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.1284 · Cited by 26
“Hjollund et al., 2007) in a manner analogous to the burnout scale referred to as the Shirom–Melamed Burnout Measure (SMBM; Shirom & Melamed, 2006 ).”
MethodSelf-citation
Job Burnout and Related Factors among Health Sector Employees
Bazmi, E., Alipour, A., Yasamy, M. T., Kheradmand, A., Salehpour, S., Khodakarim, S., & Soori, H. (2019) · Iranian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.18502/ijps.v14i4.1982 · Cited by 26
“Burnout among employees has been studied mostly in Europe, the United States, and the Middle East (10, 11).”
Background
Impact of Psychological Aggression at the Workplace on Employees’ Health: A Systematic Review of Personal Outcomes and Prevention Strategies
Pacheco, E., Bártolo, A., Rodrigues, F. P., Pereira, A., Duarte, J., & da Silva, C. F. (2021) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/0033294119875598 · Cited by 26
“Workplace Physical Activity Program” (WOPAP) study protocol: a four-arm randomized controlled trial on preventing burnout and promoting vigor
Ginoux, C., Isoard‐Gautheur, S., & Sarrazin, P. G. (2019) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-019-6598-3 · Cited by 34
A survey of intention to leave, job stress, burnout and job satisfaction among nurses employed in the Ha'il region's hospitals in Saudi Arabia
Alsaqri, S. (2014) · RMIT Research Repository (RMIT University Library) · doi:10.25439/rmt.27582018 · Cited by 27
Employee Burnout and Health: Current Knowledge and Future Research Paths
Shirom, A. (2010) · Contemporary Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1002/9780470661550.ch4 · Cited by 25
Self-citation
Leader support for recovery: A multi‐level approach to employee psychological detachment from work
Sonnentag, S., Kark, R., & Venz, L. (2024) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/joop.12538 · Cited by 35
Two Swedish screening instruments for exhaustion disorder: cross-sectional associations with burnout, work stress, private life stress, and personality traits
Persson, R., Österberg, K., Viborg, N., Jönsson, P., & Tenenbaum, A. (2017) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/1403494817696182 · Cited by 25
Frenetic, under-Challenged, and Worn-out Burnout Subtypes among Brazilian Primary Care Personnel: Validation of the Brazilian “Burnout Clinical Subtype Questionnaire” (BCSQ-36/BCSQ-12)
Demarzo, M., García‐Campayo, J., Martínez‐Rubio, D., Pérez‐Aranda, A., Miraglia, J. L., Hirayama, M. S., Salvo, V., Cicuto, K. M., Favarato, M. L., Terra, V. D. S., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17031081 · Cited by 34
“This standard conceptualization has presented flaws in its measurement format, such as the lack of psychometric consistency in its structure, as well as the problem that it was not developed through a systematic theorization of the syndrome but simply through factor grouping of a rather arbitrary set of items [7].”
Background
Associations between 24 h Movement Behavior and Mental Health in Office Workers
Larisch, L.-M., Kallings, L., Hagströmer, M., Desai, M., Rosen, P., & Blom, V. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17176214 · Cited by 25
“The Shirom–Melamed Burnout Measure consists of 14 items asking about the respondent’s emotional exhaustion, physical fatigue, and cognitive weariness [34].”
The prevalence of farmer burnout: Systematic review and narrative synthesis
O’Shaughnessy, B. R., O’Hagan, A. D., Burke, A., McNamara, J. G., & O’Connor, S. (2022) · Journal of Rural Studies · doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2022.11.002 · Cited by 35
Too hot to help! Exploring the impact of ambient temperature on helping
Belkin, L. Y., & Kouchaki, M. (2017) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2242 · Cited by 27
Correlates of burnout symptoms among child care teachers. A multilevel modeling approach
Blöchliger, O. R., & Bauer, G. F. (2017) · European Early Childhood Education Research Journal · doi:10.1080/1350293x.2018.1412012 · Cited by 25
Self-reported provision of person-centred maternity care among providers in Kenya and Ghana: scale validation and examination of associated factors
Afulani, P. A., Aborigo, R., Nutor, J. J., Okiring, J., Kuwolamo, I., Ogolla, B. A., Oboke, E. N., Dorzie, J. B. K., Odiase, O. J., Steinauer, J. E., et al. (2021) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2021-007415 · Cited by 24
Sometimes less is more: Directed coping with interpersonal stressors at work
Wright, R. R., Mohr, C. D., Sinclair, R. R., & Yang, L. (2015) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2002 · Cited by 24
STRESS AND BURNOUT IN TEACHERS: THE IMPORTANCE OF COGNITIVE APPRAISAL
Reis, S. B., Gomes, A. R., & Simães, C. (2018) · Psicologia Saúde & Doenças · doi:10.15309/18psd190204 · Cited by 23
“Para a medida de burnout, esta possibilidade de uma estrutura unifatorial está prevista pelos autores do instrumento (Armon et al., 2012; Shirom & Melamed, 2006), tendo sido testada neste estudo com bons resultados (2(73) = 210.58, p = 0.000; RMSEA = 0.066; CFI = 0.98; NFI = 0.97; TLI = 0.98).”
BackgroundInfluential
Le sport, un objet social
Soulé, B., Corneloup, J., Isabelle, G., Oumaya, H.-N., Denis, J., Martel, L., Frédérique, R., & Salaméro, É. (2023) · doi:10.4000/books.allianceathena.1950 · Cited by 23
The Design and Development of Staff Wellbeing Initiatives: Staff Stressors, Burnout and Emotional Exhaustion at Children and Young People’s Mental Health in Australia
Coates, D., & Howe, D. J. (2014) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-014-0599-4 · Cited by 23
“teeism, high staff turnover, and mistakes caused by physical and mental fatigue (Fearon and Nicol 2011; Grandey et al. 2012; Halbesleben and Bowler 2007; Perry 2010; Pocock et al. 2010; Shirom and Melamed 2006).”
BackgroundInfluential
Burnout, but not job strain, is associated with irritable bowel syndrome in working adults
Hod, K., Melamed, S., Dekel, R., Maharshak, N., & Sperber, A. D. (2020) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110121 · Cited by 28
Self-citation
You Will Not Remember This: How Memory Efficacy Influences Virtuous Behavior
Touré‐Tillery, M., & Kouchaki, M. (2020) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1093/jcr/ucaa023 · Cited by 24
Otolaryngology Resident Wellness, Training, and Education in the Early Phase of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Chou, D. W., Staltari, G. V., Mullen, M., Chang, J. L., & Durr, M. L. (2021) · Annals of Otology Rhinology & Laryngology · doi:10.1177/0003489420987194 · Cited by 23
Burnout profiles: dimensionality, replicability, and associations with predictors and outcomes
Gillet, N., Morin, A. J. S., Colombat, P., Ndiaye, A., & Fouquereau, E. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01807-3 · Cited by 30
“…with our hypotheses and with prior results revealing that workers presenting high levels of burnout tend to experience tiredness and reduced functional capacity, which in turn increase their likelihood of experiencing undesirable outcomes (e.g., Morin et al., 2013; Shirom & Melamed, 2006).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
How Presenteeism Shaped Teacher Burnout in Cyberbullying Among Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Ferreira, P. C., Barros, A., Pereira, N., Pinto, A. M., & Simão, A. M. V. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.745252 · Cited by 33
“Furthermore, it has also been described as emotional exhaustion, physical fatigue, and cognitive weariness (Melamed et al., 1992; Shirom and Melamed, 2006; Gerber et al., 2018).”
Background
The Predictive Role of Perceived Support from Principals and Professional Identity on Teachers’ Motivation and Well-Being: A Longitudinal Study
Cece, V., Martinent, G., Guillet‐Descas, E., & Lentillon‐Kaestner, V. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19116674 · Cited by 37
“Vigour was measured using the French version [63] of the Shirom-Melamed Vigour Measure (SMVM [11]).”
BackgroundInfluential
Exploring the reciprocal causal relationship between job strain and burnout: A longitudinal study of apparently healthy employed persons
Melamed, S., Armon, G., Shirom, A., & Shapira, I. (2010) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.1356 · Cited by 23
Self-citation
Clinical Characteristics of Disability in Patients with Indoor Air–Related Environmental Intolerance
Vuokko, A., Karvala, K., Suojalehto, H., Lindholm, H., Selinheimo, S., Heinonen-Guzejev, M., Leppämäki, S., Cederström, S., Hublin, C., Tuisku, K., et al. (2019) · Safety and Health at Work · doi:10.1016/j.shaw.2019.06.003 · Cited by 21
“7), n 5 Severe burnout (score 3.8), n 2 BAI, Beck Anxiety Inventory (sum score 0e63); BDI, Beck Depression Inventory (sum score 0e63); GAD-7, Generalized Anxiety Disorder (sum score 0e21); ISI, Insomnia Severity Index (sum score 0e28); OASIS, Overall Anxiety Severity and Impairment Scale (sum score 0e20); PHQ-9, Patie…”
Influential
English learning burnout: Scale validation in the Chinese context
Liu, H., & Zhong, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1054356 · Cited by 22
“Yet some dispute is ongoing over the constructs of burnout, such as an exhaustion-centered (e.g., Kristensen et al., 2005; Shirom and Melamed, 2006) and two-dimensional structure of burnout (e.”
Background
Burnout, vigour, big five personality traits and social support in a sample of police officers
Louw, G. J. (2014) · SA Journal of Industrial Psychology · doi:10.4102/sajip.v40i1.1119 · Cited by 35
“In contrast, the Shirom-Melamed burnout model is theoretically constructed to reflect the decrease in energetic resources at work regardless of the work context (Shirom & Ezrachi, 2003; Shirom & Melamed, 2006).”
Method

Authors: Shirom, A., & Melamed, S.
Affiliations: Tel Aviv University (IL)
Venue: International Journal of Stress Management
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2006-05
Volume: 13
Issue: 2
Pages: 176-200
ISSN: 1072-5245 (ISSN-L)
1573-3424
DOI: 10.1037/1072-5245.13.2.176
OpenAlex: W2015306213
Cited by: 763
References: 85
Citations by year: 2026: 36 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 53 · 2023: 70 · 2022: 66 · 2021: 68 · 2020: 60 · 2019: 59 · 2018: 44 · 2017: 55 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 38 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 23
FWCI: 9.95
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: International Journal of Stress Management (publishedVersion)
Funders: Israel Science Foundation (962/02-1)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Stress and Burnout Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Occupational Health and Burnout
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Keywords: burnout, construct validity, Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey, factorial validity, scale invariance, human service workers, occupational stress, psychometric properties

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A comparison of the construct validity of two burnout measures in two groups of professionals.

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