Cited by 764Stress and Burnout ResearchOccupational Health and BurnoutPsychometric Methodologies and Testing

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A comparison of the construct validity of two burnout measures in two groups of professionals.

Shirom, Arie, Melamed, Samuel·2006·International Journal of Stress Management

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Abstract

Arie ShiromTel Aviv UniversitySamuel MelamedTel Aviv University and National Institute of Occupational & EnvironmentalHealthThe authors studied certain aspects of the construct validity of the MaslachBurnout InventoryGeneral Survey (MBI-GS), the most popular measure ofburnout, and that of the Shirom-Melamed Burnout Measure (SMBM). Theseburnout measures were compared with respect to their psychometric char-acteristics and factorial validity in two groups of professionals, humanservice and other professionals (N 196 and 226, respectively), whocompleted questionnaires at work. As hypothesized, the con rmatory factoranalyses supported a two-factor and a three-factor structure invarianceacross the two groups considered for the SMBM and the MBI-GS, respec-tively, with superior t found for the SMBM.

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Method
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Method
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Background
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BackgroundMethod
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Method
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BackgroundMethod
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Background
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Influential
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Method
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Shemueli, R. G., Dolan, S. L., Ceretti, A. S., & Chaves, P. N. D. P. (2015) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.2667 · Cited by 66
Amazon’s Mechanical Turk as a Viable Source for Organizational and Occupational Health Research
Michel, J. S., O’Neill, S. K., Hartman, P., & Lorys, A. (2017) · Occupational Health Science · doi:10.1007/s41542-017-0009-x · Cited by 65
“The SMBM assesses overall physical fatigue, cognitive weariness, and emotional exhaustion at work and has been used extensively in the burnout literature (e.g., Armon et al. 2008; Shirom and Melamed 2006).”
MethodResultInfluential
Challenge and Hindrance Stressors and Work Outcomes: the Moderating Role of Day-Level Affect
Sawhney, G., & Michel, J. S. (2021) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-021-09752-5 · Cited by 63
Burnout in software engineering: A systematic mapping study
Tulili, T. R., Capiluppi, A., & Rastogi, A. (2022) · Information and Software Technology · doi:10.1016/j.infsof.2022.107116 · Cited by 72
How does emotional labor influence restaurant employees’ service quality during COVID-19? The roles of work fatigue and supervisor–subordinate Guanxi
Wu, T., Zhang, R.-X., & Li, J. (2023) · International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management · doi:10.1108/ijchm-09-2022-1060 · Cited by 57
The Forest and the Trees: Investigating the Globality and Specificity of Employees’ Basic Need Satisfaction at Work
Gillet, N., Morin, A. J. S., Huart, I., Colombat, P., & Fouquereau, E. (2019) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2019.1591426 · Cited by 54
“Our findings also extended those results in showing that considering a wider range of outcomes, and an alternative conceptualization of burnout encompassing physical fatigue and cognitive weariness (Shirom & Melamed, 2006), could reveal more differentiated associations.”
Result
A psychometric evaluation of the Scale of Work Engagement and Burnout (SWEBO)
Hultell, D., & Gustavsson, P. J. (2010) · Work · doi:10.3233/wor-2010-1078 · Cited by 56
“The mood adjectives used to measure the three dimensions were derived from the theoretical frameworks of Maslach and colleagues [29,30], Demeroutiand colleagues [13], Shirom [41,43], and Watson and Clark [50].”
Interaction effects among multiple job demands: an examination of healthcare workers across different contexts
Jimmieson, N. L., Tucker, M. K., & Walsh, A. J. (2016) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2016.1229471 · Cited by 59
“Job burnout was measured using the 6-item physical fatigue scale (e.g., “I have no energy for going to work in the morning”) created by Shirom and Melamed (2006).”
Method
Crossover of Exhaustion between Dentists and Dental Nurses
Hakanen, J., Perhoniemi, R., & Bakker, A. B. (2013) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.2498 · Cited by 57
Conceptual Confusion and Potential Advances in Athlete Burnout Research
Gustafsson, H., Lundkvist, E., Podlog, L. W., & Lundqvist, C. (2016) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.1177/0031512516665900 · Cited by 51
“Second, theoretical questions concerning the nature of the relationship between emotional exhaustion, depersonalization/cynicism, and a reduced sense of accomplishment have never been answered (Shirom & Melamed, 2006).”
BackgroundMethod
Do burnout and depressive symptoms form a single syndrome? Confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory structural equation modeling bifactor analysis
Bianchi, R. (2020) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.109954 · Cited by 56
Transformational leadership and autonomy support management behaviors: The role of specificity in predicting employees’ psychological health
Gilbert, M.-H., Dagenais-Desmarais, V., & St-Hilaire, F. (2017) · Leadership & Organization Development Journal · doi:10.1108/lodj-08-2015-0173 · Cited by 45
Ministry orientation and ministry outcomes: Evaluation of a new multidimensional model of clergy burnout and job satisfaction
Miner, M. H., Dowson, M. N., & Sterland, S. (2009) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1348/096317909x414214 · Cited by 49
On feeling good at work: the role of regulatory mode and passion in psychological adjustment
Bélanger, J. J., Pierro, A., Kruglanski, A. W., Vallerand, R. J., Carlo, N. D., & Falco, A. (2014) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12298 · Cited by 58
“001), following Shirom and Melamed (2006) suggestions, we averaged the scores on these three measures to form an overall index of burnout (α = .”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Inching Toward Inclusiveness: Diversity Climate, Interpersonal Conflict and Well-Being in Women Nurses
Sliter, M. T., Boyd, E. M., Sinclair, R. R., Cheung, J. H., & McFadden, A. C. (2013) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-013-0337-5 · Cited by 55
The Stress–Burnout Relationship: Examining the Moderating Effect of Physical Activity and Intrinsic Motivation for Off-Job Physical Activity
Isoard‐Gautheur, S., Ginoux, C., Gerber, M., & Sarrazin, P. G. (2019) · Workplace Health & Safety · doi:10.1177/2165079919829497 · Cited by 52
Improving office workers’ mental health and cognition: a 3-arm cluster randomized controlled trial targeting physical activity and sedentary behavior in multi-component interventions
Nooijen, C. F. J., Blom, V., Ekblom, Ö. B., Ekblom, M., & Kallings, L. (2019) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-019-6589-4 · Cited by 53
Psychometric properties of the Shirom-Melamed Burnout Measure (SMBM) among adolescents: results from three cross-sectional studies
Gerber, M., Colledge, F., Mücke, M., Schilling, R., Brand, S., & Ludyga, S. (2018) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-018-1841-5 · Cited by 56
Influence of Employees’ Attachment Styles on Their Life Satisfaction as Mediated by Job Satisfaction and Burnout
Reizer, A. (2014) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2014.881312 · Cited by 47
“Burnout was assessed using the Hebrew version of Shirom–Melamed Burnout Measure (SMBM) (Shirom, 1989; Shirom & Melamed, 2006), which asks respondents to report the frequency of recently experienced energetic feelings at work.”
BackgroundMethod
Self-Efficacy and Burnout Syndrome Among Teachers
Smetáčková, I. (2017) · The European Journal of Social & Behavioural Sciences · doi:10.15405/ejsbs.219 · Cited by 51
“The three-factor structure of the Shirom-Melamed Burnout Scale and its excellent psychometrics, including high reliability, were confirmed for the Czech version (Ptacek et al., in print).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
An exploratory structural equation modeling bi-factor analytic approach to uncovering what burnout, depression, and anxiety scales measure.
Schonfeld, I. S., Verkuilen, J., & Bianchi, R. (2019) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000721 · Cited by 47
“Research conducted with other instruments, such as the ShiromMelamed Burnout Measure (Shirom & Melamed, 2006), also revealed substantial correlations with the PHQ-9 (e.g., Schonfeld & Bianchi, 2016).”
Method
Burnout Among Long-Term Care Staff
Rai, G. (2010) · Administration in Social Work · doi:10.1080/03643107.2010.480887 · Cited by 56
“Recently, the validity of the measurement of burnout has also been re-examined ( Demerouti, Bakker, Vardakou, & Kautas, 2003 ; Shirom & Melamed, 2006 ).”
Background
How to Measure Coach Burnout: An Evaluation of Three Burnout Measures
Lundkvist, E., Stenling, A., Gustafsson, H., & Hassmén, P. (2014) · Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science · doi:10.1080/1091367x.2014.925455 · Cited by 46
“…Burnout Measure and the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory, which both have other ways of defining burnout (Kristensen, Borritz, Villadsen, & Christensen, 2005; Shirom & Melamed, 2006), could be fruitful for taking coach burnout research forward toward a better understanding of the burnout construct.”
Background
Burnout Syndrome and Depression
Bianchi, R., Schonfeld, I. S., & Laurent, É. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-6577-4_14 · Cited by 53
“In support of this hypothesis, associations of such magnitudes (rs around 0.80 or 0.90) have been found when correlating two measures of depression (Kung et al. 2013; Luteijn and Bouman 1988) or two measures of burnout (Shirom and Melamed 2006) with one another (see also Wojciechowski et al. 2000).”
BackgroundInfluential
Validation d’une Échelle de Frustration des Besoins Psychologiques au Travail (EFBPT)
Gillet, N., Fouquereau, E., Lequeurre, J., Bigot, L., & Mokounkolo, R. (2012) · Psychologie du Travail et des Organisations · doi:10.1016/s1420-2530(16)30074-7 · Cited by 47
Stress and Burnout in Health Professionals
Gonçalves, A., Fontes, L., Simães, C., & Gomes, A. R. (2019) · Studies in systems, decision and control · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-14730-3_60 · Cited by 45
Does Cardiorespiratory Fitness Moderate the Association between Occupational Stress, Cardiovascular Risk, and Mental Health in Police Officers?
Schilling, R., Colledge, F., Ludyga, S., Pühse, U., Brand, S., & Gerber, M. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16132349 · Cited by 52
“We used the Shirom–Melamed Burnout Measure (SMBM) to assess occupational burnout symptoms [58].”
Method
A prospective study of the association between obesity and burnout among apparently healthy men and women.
Armon, G., Shirom, A., Berliner, S. A., Shapira, I., & Melamed, S. (2008) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/1076-8998.13.1.43 · Cited by 45
“Could it be related to the specific characteristics of the measure of burnout used in our study? We argue that this is a highly unlikely interpretation because of close correspondence found between our measure of burnout and other measures (Melamed et al., 2006) and its similar construct validity relative to the more…”
MethodResultSelf-citation
Teachers’ stressors and strains: A longitudinal study of their relationships.
Shirom, A., Oliver, A. L., & Stein, E. (2009) · International Journal of Stress Management · doi:10.1037/a0016842 · Cited by 49
Self-citation
Psychometric Characteristics of the Hebrew Version of the Professional Quality-of-Life Scale
Samson, T., Iecovich, E., & Shvartzman, P. (2016) · Journal of Pain and Symptom Management · doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2016.03.019 · Cited by 45
“If stress is good for me, it's probably good for you too”: Stress mindset and judgment of others' strain
Ben-Avi, N., Toker, S., & Heller, D. A. (2017) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2017.09.002 · Cited by 49
Memory bias toward emotional information in burnout and depression
Bianchi, R., Laurent, É., Schonfeld, I. S., Bietti, L. M., & Mayor, E. (2018) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105318765621 · Cited by 44
“Associations of similar magnitudes have been commonly found when correlating different measures of burnout or different measures of depression with each other (Bianchi and Brisson, 2017; Shirom and Melamed, 2006; Wojciechowski et al., 2000).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Burnout‐depression overlap: Nomological network examination and factor‐analytic approach
Bianchi, R., & Schonfeld, I. S. (2018) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12460 · Cited by 53
“…aspect of burnout that is common to all conceptualizations of the entity (Bianchi et al., 2015a; Kristensen, Borritz, Villadsen & Christensen, 2005; Shirom & Melamed, 2006), and appears as the sole characteristic of burnout that is not specific to any particular cultural group (Schaufeli, 2017).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Political skill in the stressor - strain relationship: A meta-analytic update and extension
Summers, J. K., Munyon, T. P., Brouer, R. L., Pahng, P. H., & Ferris, G. R. (2020) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2019.103372 · Cited by 44
The Effect of Social Capital on Tacit Knowledge-Sharing Intention: The Mediating Role of Employee Vigor
Cai, Y., Song, Y., Xiao, X., & Shi, W. (2020) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/2158244020945722 · Cited by 46
“Employee Vigor Employee vigor is defined as a positive affective response to one’s ongoing interaction with significant elements in one’s job and work environment that comprises the interconnected feelings of physical strength, emotional energy, and cognitive liveliness (Shirom & Melamed, 2006).”
Background
Aggression-preventive supervisor behavior: Implications for workplace climate and employee outcomes.
Yang, L., & Caughlin, D. E. (2016) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0040148 · Cited by 47
An Ecological Momentary Assessment of Burnout, Rejuvenation Strategies, Job Satisfaction, and Quitting Intentions in Childcare Teachers
Carson, R. L., Baumgartner, J. J., Ota, C., Kuhn, A. P., & Durr, A. (2016) · Early Childhood Education Journal · doi:10.1007/s10643-016-0831-9 · Cited by 43
Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Associations Between Athlete Burnout, Insomnia, and Polysomnographic Indices in Young Elite Athletes
Gerber, M., Best, S., Meerstetter, F., Isoard‐Gautheur, S., Gustafsson, H., Bianchi, R., Madigan, D. J., Colledge, F., Ludyga, S., Holsboer‐Trachsler, E., et al. (2018) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.2018-0083 · Cited by 45
“Furthermore, since the depleted energetic resources assessed by the 555 SMBM can be subsumed under the umbrella of Hobfoll’s Conservation of Resources (COR) 556 theory (Hobfoll & Shirom, 2000), calculating an overall mean score is theoretically justified, 557 which is not the case for other burnout measures such as th…”
Special educators’ mental health and burnout: A comparison of general and teacher specific risk factors
McGrew, J. H., Ruble, L. A., Cormier, C. J., & Dueber, D. (2023) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2023.104209 · Cited by 61

Authors: Shirom, A., & Melamed, S.
Affiliations: Tel Aviv University (IL)
Venue: International Journal of Stress Management
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2006-05
Volume: 13
Issue: 2
Pages: 176-200
ISSN: 1072-5245 (ISSN-L)
1573-3424
DOI: 10.1037/1072-5245.13.2.176
OpenAlex: W2015306213
Cited by: 763
References: 85
Citations by year: 2026: 36 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 53 · 2023: 70 · 2022: 66 · 2021: 68 · 2020: 60 · 2019: 59 · 2018: 44 · 2017: 55 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 38 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 23
FWCI: 9.95
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: International Journal of Stress Management (publishedVersion)
Funders: Israel Science Foundation (962/02-1)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Stress and Burnout Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Occupational Health and Burnout
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Keywords: burnout, construct validity, Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey, factorial validity, scale invariance, human service workers, occupational stress, psychometric properties

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A comparison of the construct validity of two burnout measures in two groups of professionals.

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