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A comparison of the construct validity of two burnout measures in two groups of professionals.
Abstract
Arie ShiromTel Aviv UniversitySamuel MelamedTel Aviv University and National Institute of Occupational & EnvironmentalHealthThe authors studied certain aspects of the construct validity of the MaslachBurnout InventoryGeneral Survey (MBI-GS), the most popular measure ofburnout, and that of the Shirom-Melamed Burnout Measure (SMBM). Theseburnout measures were compared with respect to their psychometric char-acteristics and factorial validity in two groups of professionals, humanservice and other professionals (N 196 and 226, respectively), whocompleted questionnaires at work. As hypothesized, the con rmatory factoranalyses supported a two-factor and a three-factor structure invarianceacross the two groups considered for the SMBM and the MBI-GS, respec-tively, with superior t found for the SMBM.
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“The Teacher Burnout Scale (TBS), a 25-item scale adapted from the Shirom-Melamed Burnout Questionnaire[24] and 26-item Profile of Emotional Distress (PED)[25], a self-report measure of functional and dysfunctional negative emotions were used for data collection.”
From Clinical benefits of rational-emotive stress management therapy for job burnout and dysfunctional distress of special education teachers (2020) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“SMBQ’s psychometric characteristics and factorial validity have been supported [30, 33]”
From Psychological inflexibility explains distress in parents whose children have chronic conditions (2018) · cites this paper as [30]
In the citing paper
“The cut-off scores for burnout on the SMBQ are 2.75–3.74 indicating low burnout, 3,75–4,46 indicating high burnout and ≥ 4.47 indicating pathological level of burnout.”
From Psychological inflexibility explains distress in parents whose children have chronic conditions (2018) · cites this paper as [30]
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“Burnout was measured to get a more intense assessment of ill-being using the 14-item Burnout Scale (Shirom & Melamed, 2006).”
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“…Hannerz, et al., 2005); the BurnOut-Neurasthenia Complaints Scale (BO-NKS; Verbraak et al., 2008); the Shirom Melamed Burnout Measure (SMBM; Shirom & Melamed, 2006); the Boudreau Burnout Questionnaire (BBQ; Bou-dreau et al., 2006); the Bergen Burnout Inventory (BBI; Salmela-Aro et al.,…”
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“This was done to more accurately estimate a latent variable for burnout, as a change in the one component leads to a change in the overall global construct (Shirom & Melamed, 2006).”
MethodHerrmann, Z. M., Levin, A. W., Cole, S. P., Slabaugh, S., Barnett, B. S., Penn, A., Jain, R., Raison, C. L., Rajanna, B., & Jain, S. (2023) · Psychedelic Medicine · doi:10.1089/psymed.2023.0030 · Cited by 11
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BackgroundOrganisational reasons of job burnout
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“Therefore, the burnout is not only the consequence of stress’ experiencing, but the lack of ability of adaptation to an environment where stress factors occur (Shirom & Melamed, 2006).”
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Heikkinen, A.-L., Hänninen, T., Kuikka, P., Akila, R., Savolainen, A., Valtonen, T., Umer, A., Lötjönen, J. M. P., Hublin, C., Remes, A. M., et al. (2021) · Applied Neuropsychology Adult · doi:10.1080/23279095.2021.1970553 · Cited by 11
“Occupational burnout symptoms were evaluated with the Shirom-Melamed Burnout Measure (SMBM) (14 questions, score range for each question 1 – 7) (Shirom & Melamed, 2006).”
MethodAsiwe, D. N., Jorgensen, L. I., & Hill, C. (2014) · SA Journal of Industrial Psychology · doi:10.4102/sajip.v40i1.1194 · Cited by 10
“Furthermore, the MBI-GS simply relabelled the MBI scale of depersonalisation as cynicism, whilst still implying the same types of symptoms; this represents a theoretical overlap with already defined measures of cynicism (Shirom & Melamed, 2006).”
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“The current study utilizes the definition provided by Maslach and Jackson (1981), but conceptualizations of burnout can vary across burnout measurement scales, such as the Shirom Melamed Burnout Measure (SMBM; Shirom & Melamed, 2006).”
MethodThe burnout experience among teachers: A profile analysis
Mota, A. I., Lopes, J. A. L., & Oliveira, C. R. (2023) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.22956 · Cited by 9
Hakhmigari, M. K., & Diamant, I. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0316917 · Cited by 15
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Burnout syndrome prevalence in veterinarians working in Chile
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“There is also no consensus on the definition of Burnout Syndrome and its main symptoms (Shirom and Melamed, 2006).”
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Seixas, A., Marqués, T., Moreira-Silva, I., Azevedo, J., Ventura, N., & Rodrigues, S. (2020) · International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Safety · doi:10.24840/2184-0954_004.001_0003 · Cited by 10
“The SMBM was constructed based on the Conservation of Resources theory, as an alternative burnout instrument that focus on the assessment of exhaustion, i.e. the depleting of energetic resources, regardless of the occupational context (Shirom & Melamed, 2006).”
MethodGabay, N., & Weinstein, S. (2022) · Journal of Human Values · doi:10.1177/09716858221082705 · Cited by 10
“We used five items from Shirom and Melamed (2006) burnout measure: respondents’ self-rated present degree of exhaustion, for example, ‘I feel emotionally drained’.”
MethodVetbuje, B. G., Farmanesh, P., & Sousan, A. (2022) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.2601 · Cited by 9
Burnout in the staff of a chronic care hospital
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“Realización personal 36,5 (7,3) ≥ 40 Bajo 29 (29,0) 70 (69,3) 0,002 33–39 Medio 49 (49,0) 24 (23,8) < 33 Alto 22 (22,0) 7 (6,9) Burnout n (%) 7 7,0) 3 (3,0) 0,19”
InfluentialBauernhofer, K., Tanzer, N. K., Paechter, M., Papousek, I., Fink, A., & Weiss, E. M. (2019) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2019.00137 · Cited by 12
“While the exact definition of burnout is still being debated (Maslach et al., 2001; Kristensen et al., 2005; Shirom and Melamed, 2006; Demerouti and Bakker, 2008; Bianchi et al., 2015), like job burnout, student burnout is typically characterized by three main symptoms (Schaufeli et al.”
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“…both in coach contexts (Lundkvist, Gustafsson, & Davis, 2016; Lundkvist et al., 2014) and in occupational and clinical contexts (Shirom, 2005; Shirom & Melamed, 2006) the extensive use of this measure has provided general cut-off points and normative reference data from several different…”
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Instruments for assessing health workers’ burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic: a scoping review
Phuspa, S. M., Alim, S., Dharmastuti, A., Saefudin, M. A., Lutfiyah, N., & Sutomo, A. H. (2022) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638237.2022.2118689 · Cited by 6
Naveed, S., & Rana, N. S. (2013) · Asian Journal of Business Management · doi:10.19026/ajbm.5.5818 · Cited by 6
“Shirom and colleagues conceptualized job burnout somewhat differently as a multidimensional construct mainly comprised of emotional exhaustion, physical fatigue and cognitive weariness (Shirom, 2003; Shirom and Melamed, 2006; Melamed et al., 2006).”
BackgroundFor love: The mediating role of self efficacy on workaholism, job satisfaction and burnout
Kosevic, A., & Loh, M. I. (2015) · Australasian Journal of Paramedicine · Cited by 6
Burnout and its Association with Musculoskeletal Pain among Primary Care Providers
Zhang, X., Schall, M. C., Sesek, R. F., Gallagher, S., & Michel, J. S. (2017) · Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting · doi:10.1177/1541931213601735 · Cited by 6
Validation of the Spanish version of the intragroup conflict scale (ICS-14)
Nieto-Guerrero, M., Antino, M., & Pérez, J. (2018) · International Journal of Conflict Management · doi:10.1108/ijcma-11-2017-0139 · Cited by 6
Eklund, M., Kiritsis, C., Livheim, F., & Ghaderi, A. (2023) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2023.01.003 · Cited by 5
Laborie, C., Desmarais, C., de Chatillon, E. A., Lacroux, A., & Jeoffrion, C. (2024) · European Management Journal · doi:10.1016/j.emj.2024.12.005 · Cited by 7
Wisén, N., Larsson, G., Risling, M., & Arborelius, U. P. (2022) · Military Medicine · doi:10.1093/milmed/usab542 · Cited by 5
Gustafsson, H., Madigan, D. J., & Lundkvist, E. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-49411-0_24-1 · Cited by 6
Don't be behaviorally shaken to feel less fatigue among frontline employees
Park, I., Kim, P. B., Kim, M., & Zhou, B. (2023) · Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.jhtm.2023.06.018 · Cited by 5
Holmquist, S., Stenling, A., Tafvelin, S., Ntoumanis, N., & Schéle, I. (2023) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2023.2258960 · Cited by 6
“Cognitive weariness symptoms were measured with the cognitive weariness subscale in the Swedish version (Lundgren-Nilsson et al., 2012) of the 14-item Shirom-Melamed Burnout Questionnaire (SMBQ; Shirom & Melamed, 2006).”
Ju, B., & Pak, S. (2024) · Cross Cultural & Strategic Management · doi:10.1108/ccsm-03-2022-0052 · Cited by 6
Sundström, A. E., Nordin, M., Nordin, S., Neely, A. S., & Gavelin, H. M. (2025) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.70001 · Cited by 5
Canıöz, E. K. (2025) · Ayna Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi · doi:10.31682/ayna.1436092 · Cited by 5
Carvalho, V. S., Estreder, Y., Chambel, M. J., & Castanheira, F. (2025) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.70019 · Cited by 7
Shochat, T., Hadish-Shogan, S., Yosipof, M. B., Recanati, A., & Tzischinsky, O. (2019) · Clocks & Sleep · doi:10.3390/clockssleep1020020 · Cited by 7
“Abbreviations 8-h 8-hour 12-h 12-hour SMBM Shirom-Melamed Burnout Measure PSQI Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index KSS Karolinska Sleepiness Scale”
Les grands courants en gestion des ressources humaines
de Chatillon, E. A., & Chakor, T. (2021) · EMS Editions eBooks · doi:10.3917/ems.oiry.2021.01.0252 · Cited by 8
Burnout Integrative Measure: A preliminary validation among French college students
Berjot, S., Weber, T., & Huyghebaert‐Zouaghi, T. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.904367 · Cited by 6
“Our measure extends upon prior conceptualizations by 1) distinguishing between targets of detachment as suggested by some authors (e.g., Genoud and Reicherts, 2008); 2) differentiating between three types of weariness (i.e., emotional, cognitive, and physical) and, by doing so, integrating crucial information from the…”
MethodResultInfluentialBurnout Experience among Iranian Teachers during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Mota, A. I., & Alaghband‐Rad, J. (2023) · Higher Education Studies · doi:10.5539/hes.v13n1p50 · Cited by 5
“Other authors (e.g., Shirom & Melamed, 2006) have also included physical exhaustion as a key aspect of burnout, referring to the perception of low energy and chronic physical Fatigue.”
BackgroundManga, J. P. A., Desrumaux, P., & Nguema, W. N. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20196821 · Cited by 5
“Burnout can be considered as a state involving feelings of physical, emotional, and cognitive exhaustion [32].”
BackgroundModeling the facets of burnout in Lisbon airport border officers using PLSc-SEM estimator
Grilo, L. M., Braz, T. F., Grilo, H. L., Maidana, J. P., & Stehlík, M. (2023) · Stochastic Analysis and Applications · doi:10.1080/07362994.2023.2266492 · Cited by 5
Psychophysiological markers of athlete burnout: a call to arms
Moore, L. J., Isoard‐Gautheur, S., & Gustafsson, H. (2024) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/a-2433-3930 · Cited by 5
Job burnout and turnover intention among nurses in China: the mediating effects of positive emotion
Yang, L., Liu, J., & Liu, Y. (2018) · Frontiers of Nursing · doi:10.1515/fon-2018-0007 · Cited by 5
Arlı, N. B., AYDEMİR, M., & Çelik, E. (2019) · Journal of Economy Culture and Society · doi:10.26650/jecs429088 · Cited by 5
The antecedents of in-service teacher burnout:A study of their occupational health and perception
Kuok, A. C. H., & Lam, S. M. I. (2018) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · doi:10.22804/kjep.2018.15.2.004 · Cited by 5
Attitudes toward osteopathic medicine scale: development and psychometrics
Hojat, M., DeSantis, J., Cain, R. A., Speicher, M. R., Bragan, L., & Calabrese, L. H. (2021) · International Journal of Medical Education · doi:10.5116/ijme.615c.2cfa · Cited by 5
Metadata
- Authors
- Shirom, A., & Melamed, S.
- Affiliations
- Tel Aviv University (IL)
- Venue
- International Journal of Stress Management
- Published
- 2006-05
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 176-200
- ISSN
- 1072-5245 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3424
- OpenAlex
- W2015306213
- Cited by
- 763
- References
- 85
- Citations by year
- 2026: 36 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 53 · 2023: 70 · 2022: 66 · 2021: 68 · 2020: 60 · 2019: 59 · 2018: 44 · 2017: 55 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 38 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 23
- FWCI
- 9.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Stress Management (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Israel Science Foundation (962/02-1)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Stress and Burnout Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Occupational Health and Burnout
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- burnout, construct validity, Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey, factorial validity, scale invariance, human service workers, occupational stress, psychometric properties
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