The DOI matches its Crossref record; 85 of the 85 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A comparison of the construct validity of two burnout measures in two groups of professionals.
Abstract
Arie ShiromTel Aviv UniversitySamuel MelamedTel Aviv University and National Institute of Occupational & EnvironmentalHealthThe authors studied certain aspects of the construct validity of the MaslachBurnout InventoryGeneral Survey (MBI-GS), the most popular measure ofburnout, and that of the Shirom-Melamed Burnout Measure (SMBM). Theseburnout measures were compared with respect to their psychometric char-acteristics and factorial validity in two groups of professionals, humanservice and other professionals (N 196 and 226, respectively), whocompleted questionnaires at work. As hypothesized, the con rmatory factoranalyses supported a two-factor and a three-factor structure invarianceacross the two groups considered for the SMBM and the MBI-GS, respec-tively, with superior t found for the SMBM.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The Teacher Burnout Scale (TBS), a 25-item scale adapted from the Shirom-Melamed Burnout Questionnaire[24] and 26-item Profile of Emotional Distress (PED)[25], a self-report measure of functional and dysfunctional negative emotions were used for data collection.”
From Clinical benefits of rational-emotive stress management therapy for job burnout and dysfunctional distress of special education teachers (2020) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“SMBQ’s psychometric characteristics and factorial validity have been supported [30, 33]”
From Psychological inflexibility explains distress in parents whose children have chronic conditions (2018) · cites this paper as [30]
In the citing paper
“The cut-off scores for burnout on the SMBQ are 2.75–3.74 indicating low burnout, 3,75–4,46 indicating high burnout and ≥ 4.47 indicating pathological level of burnout.”
From Psychological inflexibility explains distress in parents whose children have chronic conditions (2018) · cites this paper as [30]
Citations
Cites
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705519909540118 · Cited by 108,788
Multiple regression: testing and interpreting interactions
(1992) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.29-3352 · Cited by 36,647
Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress
Hobfoll, S. E. (1989) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.44.3.513 · Cited by 18,187
The measurement of experienced burnout
Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1981) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.4030020205 · Cited by 14,496
Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B., & Leiter, M. P. (2001) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.397 · Cited by 12,852
Job Demands, Job Decision Latitude, and Mental Strain: Implications for Job Redesign
Karasek, R. A. (1979) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2392498 · Cited by 12,597
Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology.
Hammer, T. H., Anderson, J. F., Gurdon, M. A., Jick, T. D., Petit, A., Stern, R. N., Schwartz, H., Vardi, Y., & Dunnette, M. D. (1977) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2391755 · Cited by 11,947
EQS : structural equations program manual
Bentler, P. M. (1989) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 9,669
Healthy work: stress, productivity, and the reconstruction of working life
(1990) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.28-0381 · Cited by 8,163
(1996) · Consulting Psychologists Press eBooks · Cited by 7,863
Research works printed but not linked: 8
- Boudreau, 2002, A bibliography of burnout citations, 1990-2002.
- 10.2307/258593 · DOI
- Hobfoll, 1993, Conservation of resources: A general theory applied to burnout., 115
- Hobfoll, 1993, Stress and burnout in work organizations., 41
- Leiter, 2001, Burnout and health., 415
- Melamed, Burnout and risk to physical health: The evidence, possible causal paths, and promising research directions., Psychological Bulletin
- 10.2307/259017 · DOI
- Nunnaly, 1978, Psychometric theory.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Understanding the burnout experience: Recent research and its implications for psychiatry
Maslach, C., & Leiter, M. P. (2016) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20311 · Cited by 4,200
Burnout and work engagement: the JD–R approach.
Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Sanz-Vergel, A. I. (2014) · Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-031413-091235 · Cited by 2,486
“Other scholars have developed alternative measures to assess burnout, most notably the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI; Demerouti et al. 2003, Demerouti et al. 2010) and the Shirom-Melamed Burnout Measure (SMBM; Shirom & Melamed 2006).”
Job Demands–Resources Theory: Ten Years Later
Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Sanz‐Vergel, A. I. (2022) · Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-120920-053933 · Cited by 2,774
“Later approaches included physical fatigue and cognitive weariness (Shirom & Melamed 2006) or cognitive impairment (Schaufeli et al. 2020) as core symptoms of burnout.”
BackgroundGender differences in burnout: A meta-analysis
Purvanova, R. K., & Muros, J. P. (2010) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2010.04.006 · Cited by 1,262
A meta-analysis of burnout with job demands, resources, and attitudes
Alarcon, G. M. (2011) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2011.03.007 · Cited by 845
Burnout–Depression Overlap: A Review
Bianchi, R., Schonfeld, I. S., & Laurent, E. (2015) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.01.004 · Cited by 868
A systematic review including meta-analysis of work environment and burnout symptoms
Aronsson, G., Theorell, T., Grape, T., Hammarström, A., Hogstedt, C., Marteinsdottir, I., Skoog, I., Träskman-Bendz, L., & Hall, C. (2017) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4153-7 · Cited by 789
“The other screening scales were the CBI (Copenhagen Burnout Inventory) [7], Oldenburg Burnout Questionnaire [25], Shirom-Melamed Burnout Questionnaire [26] and the Proactive Coping Inventory [27].”
MethodDeveloping and investigating the use of single-item measures in organizational research.
Fisher, G. G., Matthews, R. A., & Gibbons, A. M. (2015) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0039139 · Cited by 794
“Burnout ( .92) was measured with a 14-item measure (Shirom & Melamed, 2006) that assessed physical fatigue (six items), emotional exhaustion (three items), and cognitive weariness (five items).”
MethodBurnout Assessment Tool (BAT)—Development, Validity, and Reliability
Schaufeli, W. B., Desart, S., & De Witte, H. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17249495 · Cited by 759
“…6 Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI; Demerouti, Bakker, Vardakou & Kantas, 2003) Exhaustion 8 Disengagement 8 Shirom Melamed Burnout Measure (SMBM; Shirom & Melamed, 2006) Emotional exhaustion 4 Chronic fatigue 4 Cognitive weariness 6 4-Dimensional Questionnaire (4-DSQ; Terluin, van Marwijk et…”
BackgroundMethodBurnout: A Review of Theory and Measurement
Edú-Valsania, S., Laguía, A., & Moriano, J. A. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19031780 · Cited by 845
Internal construct validity of the Shirom-Melamed Burnout questionnaire (SMBQ)
Lundgren-Nilsson, Å., Jonsdottir, I. H., Pallant, J., & Ahlborg, G. (2012) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-1 · Cited by 626
“Maslach and colleagues originally defined burnout as a psychological syndrome of emotional exhaustion, depersonalisation (later replaced with the construct cynicism) and reduced effectiveness or personal accomplishment, which makes this scale a multidimensional construct [2,3].”
BackgroundDewa, C. S., Loong, D., Bonato, S., & Trojanowski, L. (2017) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015141 · Cited by 546
Please respond ASAP: Workplace telepressure and employee recovery
Barber, L. K., & Santuzzi, A. M. (2015) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0038278 · Cited by 502
Albott, C. S., Wozniak, J. R., McGlinch, B. P., Wall, M. H., Gold, B. S., & Vinogradov, S. (2020) · Anesthesia & Analgesia · doi:10.1213/ane.0000000000004912 · Cited by 489
“[15] [16] [17] [18] The consequences of burnout are substantial with long-ranging implications for workplace morale, patient safety, quality of care, and health care costs, including costs related to clinician turnover.”
BackgroundCieślak, R., Shoji, K., Douglas, A., Melville, E., Łuszczyńska, A., & Benight, C. C. (2013) · Psychological Services · doi:10.1037/a0033798 · Cited by 574
“The third approach defines burnout as physical, emotional energy, and cognitive exhaustion, which may result in depletion of coping resources (Shirom & Melamed, 2006).”
BackgroundWell, I’m tired of tryin’! Organizational citizenship behavior and citizenship fatigue
Bolino, M. C., Hsiung, H.-H., Harvey, J., & LePine, J. A. (2015) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0037583 · Cited by 430
“Using a scale ranging from (1) not at all consistent to (7) completely consistent, respondents were asked to indicate the extent to which the seven citizenship fatigue items, the eight citizenship pressure items used by Bolino et al. (2010), and the 14 burnout items that comprise the Shirom–Melamed Burnout Measure (Sh…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialLack of sleep and unethical conduct
Barnes, C. M., Schaubroeck, J. M., Huth, M., & Ghumman, S. S. (2011) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2011.01.009 · Cited by 434
“Therefore we again used the Shirom and Melamed (2006) cognitive fatigue scale.”
MethodSonnentag, S. (2015) · Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032414-111347 · Cited by 481
Toker, S., & Biron, M. (2012) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0026914 · Cited by 474
“The three subscales are closely interrelated and can be used to produce a single burnout score, in that any change in any of these components reflects a change in the underlying latent construct of global burnout (Shirom & Melamed, 2006).”
BackgroundKlusmann, U., Richter, D., & Lüdtke, O. (2016) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/edu0000125 · Cited by 381
The digital workplace and its dark side: An integrative review
Marsh, E., Vallejos, E. P., & Spence, A. (2022) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2021.107118 · Cited by 348
Burnout and Depression: Two Entities or One?
Schonfeld, I. S., & Bianchi, R. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22229 · Cited by 345
“Shirom and Melamed (2006) found that the SMBM correlated with the latest version of the MBI, between .74 and .79, depending on the sample, and with the emotional exhaustion component of the MBI, between .80 and .82.”
BackgroundMethodSeidler, A., Thinschmidt, M., Deckert, S., Then, F., Hegewald, J., Nieuwenhuijsen, K., & Riedel-Heller, S. G. (2014) · Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology · doi:10.1186/1745-6673-9-10 · Cited by 326
“In fact there is increasing consensus in the scientific community that burnout and depression have to be considered as two separate phenomena, albeit sharing a range of common characteristics [10,11,28,57].”
BackgroundMethod(2001) · PubMed · Cited by 299
Kouchaki, M., & Smith, I. H. (2013) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797613498099 · Cited by 289
Reis, D., Xanthopoulou, D., & Tsaousis, I. (2015) · Burnout Research · doi:10.1016/j.burn.2014.11.001 · Cited by 316
“Similarly, Shirom and Melamed (2006), building on Hobfoll’s Conservation of Resources Theory (COR; Hobfoll, 1998, 1989), developed the Shirom-Melamed Burnout Measure (SMBM; Shirom & Melamed, 2006) to assess burnout as the depletion of energetic resources.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBurnout and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Prospective Study of Apparently Healthy Employed Persons
Melamed, S., Shirom, A., Toker, S., & Shapira, I. (2006) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000242860.24009.f0 · Cited by 248
“those of the MBI (67) with very favorable results.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationGiumetti, G. W., Hatfield, A. L., Scisco, J. L., Schroeder, A. N., Muth, E. R., & Kowalski, R. M. (2013) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0032851 · Cited by 230
“Shirom and Melamed (2006) noted that burnout may result from “the continuous depletion of individuals’ energetic coping resources resulting from their chronic exposure to occupational stress” (p. 179).”
BackgroundFrone, M. R., & Tidwell, M. O. (2015) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0038700 · Cited by 269
“Therefore, growing attention has focused on emotional fatigue, resulting from depletion of emotional energy, in addition to physical and mental fatigue (e.g., Australian Safety and Compensation Council, 2006; Maslach & Jackson, 1981; Shirom & Melamed, 2006).”
BackgroundWork environment, job satisfaction, stress and burnout among haemodialysis nurses
Hayes, B., Douglas, C., & Bonner, A. (2013) · Journal of Nursing Management · doi:10.1111/jonm.12184 · Cited by 226
“The MBI has been used in more than 90% of all studies evaluating burnout in nursing employees (Shirom & Melamed 2006) and has previously been used to measure burnout among nephrology nurses (Harwood et al. 2010, Argentero et al. 2008, Flynn et al. 2009, Klersy et al. 2007, Lewis et al. 1994, Ross…”
MethodAhola, K., Toppinen‐Tanner, S., & Seppänen, J. (2017) · Burnout Research · doi:10.1016/j.burn.2017.02.001 · Cited by 276
A survey of stress, burnout and well-being in UK dentists
Collin, V., Toon, M. A., O’Selmo, E., Reynolds, L., & Whitehead, P. (2019) · BDJ · doi:10.1038/sj.bdj.2019.6 · Cited by 215
The struggle with employee engagement: Measures and construct clarification using five samples.
Byrne, Z. S., Peters, J. M., & Weston, J. W. (2016) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0000124 · Cited by 258
Tolerance of ambiguity and psychological well‐being in medical training: A systematic review
Hancock, J., & Mattick, K. L. (2019) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/medu.14031 · Cited by 208
A review on health and well‐being at work: More than stressors and strains
Sonnentag, S., Tay, L., & Nesher Shoshan, H. (2023) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/peps.12572 · Cited by 212
On the nature of burnout–insomnia relationships: A prospective study of employed adults
Armon, G., Shirom, A., Shapira, I., & Melamed, S. (2008) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.01.012 · Cited by 205
“Burnout was assessed by the Shirom–Melamed Burnout Measure (SMBM), whose reliability and validity have been demonstrated in a number of studies [1,3,27].”
MethodSelf-citationMangione, S., Chakraborti, C., Staltari, G. V., Harrison, R. M., Tunkel, A. R., Liou, K. T., Cerceo, E. A., Voeller, M., Bedwell, W. L., Fletcher, K. A., et al. (2018) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-017-4275-8 · Cited by 205
New directions in burnout research
Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Peeters, M. C. W., & Breevaart, K. (2021) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/1359432x.2021.1979962 · Cited by 205
“Since then, scholars have adapted a more general conceptualization and operationalization of burnout to make it applicable to workers in all kinds of occupations – including those outside the human services (Demerouti et al., 2003; Leiter & Schaufeli, 1996; Shirom & Melamed, 2006).”
BackgroundLindwall, M., Gerber, M., Jonsdottir, I. H., Börjesson, M., & Ahlborg, G. (2014) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0034402 · Cited by 199
Social media addiction and social media reactions: The implications for job performance
Zivnuska, S., Carlson, J. R., Carlson, D. S., Harris, R. B., & Harris, K. J. (2019) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.2019.1578725 · Cited by 233
“Three items (α = .83) from the Shirom-Melamed Burnout Measure (SMBM, Shirom, 1989) were used to capture job burnout (Shirom & Melamed, 2006).”
MethodInsomnia and sleep quality among primary care physicians with low and high burnout levels
Vela‐Bueno, A., Jiménez, B. M., Rodríguez‐Muñoz, A., Olavarrieta‐Bernardino, S., Fernández‐Mendoza, J., de la Cruz, J. J., Bixler, E. O., & Vgontzas, A. N. (2008) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2007.10.014 · Cited by 200
“The reliability and validity of the scales are well established [1,16,29].”
BackgroundSimionato, G., & Simpson, S. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22615 · Cited by 189
Pressley, C., & Garside, J. (2023) · Nursing Open · doi:10.1002/nop2.1588 · Cited by 214
Is burnout a depressive disorder? A reexamination with special focus on atypical depression.
Bianchi, R., Schonfeld, I. S., & Laurent, É. (2014) · International Journal of Stress Management · doi:10.1037/a0037906 · Cited by 203
“This pattern of results underlines the ambiguous conceptual status of burnout as operationalized in the MBI (Shirom & Melamed, 2006; Winwood & Winefield, 2004).”
ResultSchraml, K., Perski, A., Grossi, G., & Simonsson‐Sarnecki, M. (2010) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2010.11.010 · Cited by 180
Moral injury, mental health and behavioural health outcomes: A systematic review of the literature
Hall, N. A., Everson, A. T., Billingsley, M. R., & Miller, M. B. (2021) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2607 · Cited by 205
The effectiveness of controlled interventions on employees’ burnout: A meta‐analysis
Maricutoiu, L. P., Sava, F. A., & Butta, O. (2014) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/joop.12099 · Cited by 164
Electronic Health Record Alert-Related Workload as a Predictor of Burnout in Primary Care Providers
Russo, E., Singh, H., & Gregory, M. E. (2017) · Applied Clinical Informatics · doi:10.4338/aci-2017-01-ra-0003 · Cited by 169
Professional Image Maintenance: How Women Navigate Pregnancy in the Workplace
Little, L. M., Major, V. S., Hinojosa, A. S., & Nelson, D. L. (2014) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2013.0599 · Cited by 161
“Burnout is a negative affective state caused by recurring distress (Shirom & Melamed, 2006), and is conceptualized as a depletion of an individual’s energetic coping resources.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialEmotion work and emotional exhaustion in teachers: the job and individual perspective
Näring, G. W. B., Vlerick, P., & de Ven, B. V. (2011) · Educational Studies · doi:10.1080/03055698.2011.567026 · Cited by 181
“Increasingly, the exhaustion component is regarded as the essential and often sufficient dimension of burnout (Shirom and Melamed 2006 ).”
BackgroundChan, K. W., & Wan, E. W. (2011) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1509/jm.10.0202 · Cited by 162
“The feelings of fatigue measure included four items, reflecting the levels of fatigue felt at the end of a work day (Shirom and Melamed 2006; Vohs and Faber 2007).”
BackgroundYan, Q., Jiang, Z., Harbin, Z., Tolbert, P. H., & Davies, M. G. (2021) · Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association · doi:10.1093/jamia/ocab009 · Cited by 158
“57 The full Mini-Z assesses burnout based on 2 single-item measures similar to the previously mentioned single-item measure.”
MethodThe Big Five Personality Factors as Predictors of Changes Across Time in Burnout and Its Facets
Armon, G., Shirom, A., & Melamed, S. (2011) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2011.00731.x · Cited by 150
Self-citationRisk of burnout in French entrepreneurs during the COVID-19 crisis
Torrès, O., Benzari, A., Fisch, C. O., Mukerjee, J., Swalhi, A., & Thurik, R. (2021) · Small Business Economics · doi:10.1007/s11187-021-00516-2 · Cited by 158
Shirom, A., Nirel, N., & Vinokur, A. D. (2009) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2009.00411.x · Cited by 163
“The MBI was found (Shirom & Melamed, 2006) to be comparable in terms of construct validity to the conceptualisation of burnout used in this study.”
ResultSelf-citationHu, Q., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2010) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2010.00428.x · Cited by 143
“…validity study using the SMBM and the MBI revealed that a two-factor structure of the SMBM (physical fatigue and cognitive weariness) and the three-factor structure of the MBI-GS both were invariant across human service occupations and other professionals (Shirom & Melamed, 2006).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPeisah, C., LATIF, E. A., Wilhelm, K. A., & Williams, B. W. (2009) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607860802459831 · Cited by 142
“The MBI is considered the ‘gold standard’ instrument for measuring burnout and is particularly favoured for measuring burnout in medical populations (Maslach et al., 1996; Shirom & Melamed, 2006).”
MethodElevated burnout predicts the onset of musculoskeletal pain among apparently healthy employees.
Armon, G., Melamed, S., Shirom, A., & Shapira, I. (2010) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0020726 · Cited by 143
“Burnout was assessed by the Shirom-Melamed Burnout Measure (SMBM), whose reliability and validity have been demonstrated in a number of studies (e.g., Melamed, Shirom, Toker, & Shapira, 2006b; Shirom & Melamed, 2006).”
MethodSelf-citationBig five model personality traits and job burnout: a systematic literature review
Angelini, G. (2023) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-023-01056-y · Cited by 179
“Five papers used the Shirom-Melamed Burnout Measure (SMBM; [67]), four the Oldenburg burnout inventory (OLBI; [68, 69]), one the Bergen Burnout Indicator (BBI; [70]), one the Brief Burnout Questionnaire (CBB; [71]), one the Burnout Measure [72] and one the Short Burnout Measure (SBM; [73]).”
MethodIs it Time to Consider the “Burnout Syndrome†A Distinct Illness?
Bianchi, R., Schonfeld, I. S., & Laurent, E. (2015) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2015.00158 · Cited by 140
“Consistent with the previously addressed points, the basic structure of burnout as a three-dimensional syndrome has been seriously questioned in the last decade (9, 26, 27).”
BackgroundThe fear of missing out at work: Examining costs and benefits to employee health and motivation
Budnick, C. J., Rogers, A. P., & Barber, L. K. (2019) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2019.106161 · Cited by 163
Technostress creators, personality traits, and job burnout: A fuzzy-set configurational analysis
Khedhaouria, A., & Cucchi, A. (2019) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.04.029 · Cited by 161
Venz, L., & Shoshan, H. N. (2021) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/0018726721990438 · Cited by 148
“, 1988), as well as state exhaustion, which comprises feelings of depletion, tiredness, and fatigue (Shirom and Melamed, 2006), as indicators of psychological strain as the ultimate outcome in our study.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCognitive impairment in patients with stress-related exhaustion
Jónsdóttir, I. H., Nordlund, A., Ellbin, S., Ljung, T., Glise, K., Währborg, P., & Wallin, A. (2012) · Stress · doi:10.3109/10253890.2012.708950 · Cited by 145
“The theoretical basis for the term burnout differs, however, depending on the available self-report instruments constructed to assess the condition (Maslach et al. 2001; Shirom and Melamed 2006).”
BackgroundCyber Incivility @ Work: The New Age of Interpersonal Deviance
Giumetti, G. W., McKibben, E. S., Hatfield, A. L., Schroeder, A. N., & Kowalski, R. M. (2012) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2011.0336 · Cited by 133
Leung, M., Chan, I. Y. S., & Dong-yu, C. (2011) · Engineering Construction & Architectural Management · doi:10.1108/09699981111126205 · Cited by 132
“However, the MBI items for the burnout components, such as distancing, rejection, and unconcern for cynicism; and self-efficacy, productivity, and incompetence for professional efficacy, had been claimed to be theoretically from distinct directions of research in behavioral sciences ( Shirom and Melamed, 2006”
BackgroundIlies, R., Huth, M., Ryan, A. M., & Dimotakis, N. (2015) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/edu0000029 · Cited by 132
Is Burnout a Depressive Condition? A 14-Sample Meta-Analytic and Bifactor Analytic Study
Bianchi, R., Verkuilen, J., Schonfeld, I. S., Hakanen, J., Jansson‐Fröjmark, M., García, G. M., Laurent, É., & Meier, L. L. (2021) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702620979597 · Cited by 162
“The Emotional Exhaustion subscale of the SMBM, the Depersonalization subscale of the MBI, and the Cynicism subscale of the MBI-GS all intend to assess symptoms of mental distancing and disengagement from work (Maslach et al., 2001; Shirom & Melamed, 2006).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMaternal Burnout Syndrome: Contextual and Psychological Associated Factors
Lebert-Charron, A., Dorard, G., Boujut, É., & Wendland, J. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00885 · Cited by 130
JOB BURNOUT: A GENERAL LITERATURE REVIEW
Lubbadeh, T. (2020) · International Review of Management and Marketing · doi:10.32479/irmm.9398 · Cited by 115
“, 2004) in an example of 696 manufacturing managers using the Japanese language version of the MBI-GS, and by (Qiao and Schaufeli, 2010), also by (Schutte and Schaufeli, 2000; Shirom and Melamed, 2006).”
MethodInfluentialBurnout among Swedish school teachers – a cross-sectional analysis
Arvidsson, I., Håkansson, C., Karlson, B., Björk, J., & Persson, R. (2016) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3498-7 · Cited by 127
“the cooccurrence of signs and symptoms in relation to one illness or disease [37]).”
BackgroundResultAfulani, P. A., Gyamerah, A. O., Nutor, J. J., Laar, A. K., Aborigo, R., Malechi, H., Sterling, M., & Awoonor‐Williams, J. K. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0250294 · Cited by 133
“Burnout was assessed using the 14-item Shirom-Melamed Burnout measure (SMBM), which assesses feelings at work in the past month [43].”
Is burnout separable from depression in cluster analysis? A longitudinal study
Bianchi, R., Schonfeld, I. S., & Laurent, É. (2014) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-014-0996-8 · Cited by 139
“Fourth, our findings are contingent on the conceptualization of burnout that we used and should not be generalized to other conceptualizations [38, 39] before more research is carried out.”
BackgroundHultell, D., Melin, B., & Gustavsson, P. J. (2013) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2013.01.007 · Cited by 123
Bria, M., Spânu, F., Băban, A., & Dumitrascu, D. L. (2014) · Burnout Research · doi:10.1016/j.burn.2014.09.001 · Cited by 120
Burnout is more strongly linked to neuroticism than to work-contextualized factors
Bianchi, R. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.11.015 · Cited by 142
Burnout phenomenon: neurophysiological factors, clinical features, and aspects of management
Khammissa, R. A. G., Nemutandani, S. M., Feller, G., Lemmer, J., & Feller, L. (2022) · Journal of International Medical Research · doi:10.1177/03000605221106428 · Cited by 182
“Cynicism, manifesting as doubt in the purpose of the occupation or in the ethical values of an employer, and disengagement from some aspects of the work with reduced occupational efficacy, are likely secondary psychological mechanisms that help to preserve remaining energy resources and to cope with persistent unresol…”
BackgroundKim, B., & Lee, J. (2024) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-024-04018-w · Cited by 170
“Depersonaliza-tion is characterized by a negative, detached, and unempathetic attitude toward one ’ s work and colleagues, while emotional exhaustion involves feelings of being emotionally drained and overextended (Maslach et al. 2001; Shirom and Melamed, 2006).”
Predictors of Occupational Burnout: A Systematic Review
Shoman, Y., May, E. E., Marca, S. C., Wild, P. P., Bianchi, R., Bugge, M., Çağlayan, Ç., Cheptea, D., Gnesi, M., Godderis, L., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18179188 · Cited by 138
Should Burnout Be Conceptualized as a Mental Disorder?
Nadon, L., De Beer, L. T., & Morin, A. J. S. (2022) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs12030082 · Cited by 112
“Among the measures excluded from this presentation, the Shirom and Melamed [59] burnout measure is noteworthy, as it relies on a slightly distinct operationalization of burnout focusing on the dimensions of cognitive weariness, physical fatigue, and emotional exhaustion).”
BackgroundNursing Aides' Attitudes to Elder Abuse in Nursing Homes: The Effect of Work Stressors and Burnout
Shinan‐Altman, S., & Cohen, M. W. (2009) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gnp093 · Cited by 119
Job control and burnout: a meta-analytic test of the conservation of resources model
Park, H. I., Jacob, A. C., Wagner, S. H., & Baiden, M. (2014) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/apps.12008 · Cited by 106
Rising to the challenge: Deep acting is more beneficial when tasks are appraised as challenging.
Huang, J. L. W., Chiaburu, D. S., Zhang, X.-A., Li, N., & Grandey, A. A. (2015) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0038976 · Cited by 107
“Emotional exhaustion was assessed using six items from Shirom-Melamed burnout measure (Shirom & Melamed, 2006).”
MethodGerber, M., Jónsdóttir, I. H., Lindwall, M., & Ahlborg, G. (2014) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.07.012 · Cited by 124
Smetáčková, I., Viktorová, I., Martanová, V. P., Páchová, A., Francová, V., & Štěch, S. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02287 · Cited by 134
What makes for a good break? A diary study on recovery experiences during lunch break
Bosch, C., Sonnentag, S., & Pinck, A. S. (2017) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/joop.12195 · Cited by 124
Workplace Telepressure and Worker Well-Being: The Intervening Role of Psychological Detachment
Santuzzi, A. M., & Barber, L. K. (2018) · Occupational Health Science · doi:10.1007/s41542-018-0022-8 · Cited by 122
“Work Exhaustion Psychological work impairment during the past month was assessed using the Shirom-Melamed Burnout Measure (Shirom and Melamed 2006), The measure includes 14 items divided among three subscales for physical fatigue (e.g., BI feel tired^), cognitive weariness (e.g., BMy thinking process is slow^), and em…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialEmotional information processing in depression and burnout: an eye-tracking study
Bianchi, R., & Laurent, É. (2015) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-014-0549-x · Cited by 79
Validation of the Japanese Version of the Burnout Assessment Tool
Sakakibara, K. S., Shimazu, A., Toyama, H., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01819 · Cited by 102
“Likewise, the Shirom–Melamed Burnout Measure consists of physical fatigue, emotional exhaustion, and cognitive weariness.”
BackgroundInfluentialHeadrick, L., Newman, D. A., Park, Y., & Liang, Y. (2022) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-022-09821-3 · Cited by 125
Feldt, T., Rantanen, J., Hyvönen, K., Mäkikangas, A., Huhtala, M., Pihlajasaari, P., & Kinnunen, U. M. (2013) · Industrial Health · doi:10.2486/indhealth.2013-0059 · Cited by 114
Sassi, N., & Neveu, J. (2010) · Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement · doi:10.1037/a0017700 · Cited by 77
“Traduction et validation d’une nouvelle mesure d’épuisement professionnel : le Shirom-Melamed Burnout Measure Narjes Sassi Institut Supérieur de Gestion de Paris Jean-Pierre Neveu Institut d’Administration des Entreprise de Montpellier Cette recherche a pour objet de valider, pour la première fois dans le contexte…”
BackgroundInfluentialSzigeti, R., Balázs, N., Bikfalvi, R., & Urbán, R. (2017) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.2737 · Cited by 110
Burnout and Mental Health in Swiss Vocational Students: The Moderating Role of Physical Activity
Gerber, M., Lang, C., Feldmeth, A. K., Elliot, C., Brand, S., Holsboer‐Trachsler, E., & Pühse, U. (2013) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12097 · Cited by 91
Don’t fear the reaper: Trait death anxiety, mortality salience, and occupational health.
Sliter, M. T., Sinclair, R. R., Yuan, Z., & Mohr, C. D. (2014) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0035729 · Cited by 90
Le Nouveau Management Public est-il pathogène ?
de Chatillon, E. A., & Desmarais, C. (2012) · Management international · doi:10.7202/1011413ar · Cited by 115
“Parmi celles-ci, le Shirom-Melamed Burnout Measure (Shirom & Melamed, 2006) ou SMBM s’organise autour de trois dimensions : la fatigue physique, l’épuise-ment émotionnel et la lassitude cognitive.”
BackgroundMeurs, J. A., Gallagher, V. C., & Perrewé, P. L. (2010) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2010.01.005 · Cited by 94
Bell, M., & Sheridan, A. (2020) · International Journal of Nursing Studies Advances · doi:10.1016/j.ijnsa.2020.100007 · Cited by 88
Consequences of Job Stress for the Mental Health of Teachers
Schonfeld, I. S., Bianchi, R., & Luehring‐Jones, P. (2017) · Aligning perspectives on health, safety and well-being · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-53053-6_3 · Cited by 111
“Thus the relation of job stress to the MBI was likely influenced by the confounding of the independent and dependent variables.”
InfluentialCarlo, N. A. D., Falco, A., Pierro, A., DUGAS, M. A., Kruglanski, A. W., & Higgins, E. T. (2014) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12263 · Cited by 90
Metadata
- Authors
- Shirom, A., & Melamed, S.
- Affiliations
- Tel Aviv University (IL)
- Venue
- International Journal of Stress Management
- Published
- 2006-05
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 176-200
- ISSN
- 1072-5245 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3424
- OpenAlex
- W2015306213
- Cited by
- 763
- References
- 85
- Citations by year
- 2026: 36 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 53 · 2023: 70 · 2022: 66 · 2021: 68 · 2020: 60 · 2019: 59 · 2018: 44 · 2017: 55 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 38 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 23
- FWCI
- 9.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Stress Management (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Israel Science Foundation (962/02-1)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Stress and Burnout Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Occupational Health and Burnout
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- burnout, construct validity, Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey, factorial validity, scale invariance, human service workers, occupational stress, psychometric properties
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
