The DOI matches its Crossref record; 58 of the 59 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Does computer-synthesized speech manifest personality? Experimental tests of recognition, similarity-attraction, and consistency-attraction
Abstract
Would people exhibit similarity-attraction and consistency-attraction toward unambiguously computer-generated speech even when personality is clearly not relevant? In Experiment 1, participants (extrovert or introvert) heard a synthesized voice (extrovert or introvert) on a book-buying Web site. Participants accurately recognized personality cues in text to speech and showed similarity-attraction in their evaluation of the computer voice, the book reviews, and the reviewer. Experiment 2, in a Web auction context, added personality of the text to the previous design. The results replicated Experiment 1 and demonstrated consistency (voice and text personality)-attraction. To maximize liking and trust, designers should set parameters, for example, words per minute or frequency range, that create a personality that is consistent with the user and the content being presented.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Much of the relevant research has focused on imbuing voice-based, embodied, and robot-based chatbots with personalities using nonverbal cues, such as gestures [20,21] gaze [22], voice tone and speed [23], and proximity [24].”
From Interacting with a Chatbot-Based Advising System: Understanding the Effect of Chatbot Personality and User Gender on Behavior (2022) · cites this paper as [23]
Citations
Cites
Picard, R. W. (1997) · MIT Press · doi:10.7551/mitpress/1140.001.0001 · Cited by 7,382
(1997) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.34-3702 · Cited by 4,872
Machines and Mindlessness: Social Responses to Computers
Nass, C., & Moon, Y. (2000) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/0022-4537.00153 · Cited by 4,022
Self-citationA psychological taxonomy of trait‐descriptive terms: The interpersonal domain
Wiggins, J. S. (1979) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.37.3.395 · Cited by 1,596
Speech style and social evaluation
Giles, H., & Powesland, P. F. (1975) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,192
Aronson, E. (1972) · Cited by 931
The elements of computer credibility
Fogg, B. J., & Tseng, H. (1999) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/302979.303001 · Cited by 880
The Illusion of Life: Disney Animation
Thomas, F. R., & Johnston, O. (1995) · Cited by 738
Are Machines Gender Neutral? Gender‐Stereotypic Responses to Computers With Voices
Nass, C., Moon, Y., & Green, N. (1997) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1997.tb00275.x · Cited by 670
Self-citationCan computer personalities be human personalities?
Nass, C., Moon, Y., Fogg, B. J., Reeves, B. B., & Dryer, D. C. (1995) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1006/ijhc.1995.1042 · Cited by 621
Self-citationTHE MEASUREMENT OF TRUST AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO SELF-DISCLOSURE
Wheeless, L. R., & Grotz, J. (1977) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1977.tb00523.x · Cited by 475
Isbister, K., & Nass, C. (2000) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1006/ijhc.2000.0368 · Cited by 380
Self-citationScreenplay: The Foundations of Screenwriting
Field, S. (1979) · Cited by 378
Effects of pitch and speech rate on personal attributions.
Apple, W., Streeter, L. A., & Krauss, R. M. (1979) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.37.5.715 · Cited by 369
Are People Polite to Computers? Responses to Computer‐Based Interviewing Systems1
Nass, C., Moon, Y., & Carney, P. (1999) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1999.tb00142.x · Cited by 363
Self-citationScherer, K. R., & Giles, H. (1979) · Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) · Cited by 333
Personality inference from voice quality: The loud voice of extroversion
Scherer, K. R. (1978) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420080405 · Cited by 323
Human values and the design of computer technology
Friedman, B. (1997) · Cited by 300
Attraction and similarity of personality characteristics.
Byrne, D., Griffitt, W. B., & Stefaniak, D. (1967) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0021198 · Cited by 294
Fry, D. Β. (1979) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139165747 · Cited by 293
MOON, Y., & NASS, C. (1996) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/009365096023006002 · Cited by 291
Self-citationOpinion change as a function of the communicator's attractiveness and desire to influence.
Mills, J., & Aronson, E. (1965) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0021646 · Cited by 247
Human values and the design of computer technology
(1998) · Computers & Mathematics with Applications · doi:10.1016/s0898-1221(98)91121-x · Cited by 221
(2013) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203812181 · Cited by 219
Eagly, A. H., & Chaiken, S. (1975) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0076850 · Cited by 219
Morkes, J., Kernal, H. K., & Nass, C. (1999) · Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1207/s15327051hci1404_2 · Cited by 213
Self-citationAronovitch, C. D. (1976) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.1976.9924774 · Cited by 210
Effects of Speech Rate on Personality Perception
Smith, B. L., Brown, B. L., Strong, W. J., & Rencher, A. C. (1975) · Language and Speech · doi:10.1177/002383097501800203 · Cited by 208
The voice of confidence: Paralinguistic cues and audience evaluation
Scherer, K. R., London, H., & Wolf, J. J. (1973) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/0092-6566(73)90030-5 · Cited by 204
Can computer-generated speech have gender?
Lee, E. J., Nass, C., & Brave, S. (2000) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/633292.633461 · Cited by 178
Self-citationBeutnagel, M. C., Conkie, A. D., Schroeter, J., Stylianou, Y., & Syrdal, A. K. (1999) · The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America · doi:10.1121/1.424924 · Cited by 175
HAL's legacy; 2001's computer as dream and reality
Dawden, D. (1997) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/s0268-4012(97)80886-9 · Cited by 170
Rejection as a consequence of perceived similarity.
Novak, D. W., & Lerner, M. J. (1968) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0025850 · Cited by 161
Speech interfaces from an evolutionary perspective
Nass, C., & Gong, L. (2000) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/348941.348976 · Cited by 142
Self-citationTelevision viewing and physiological arousal.
Zillmann, D. (1991) · Cited by 135
Are computers scapegoats? Attributions of responsibility in human–computer interaction
Moon, Y., & Nass, C. (1998) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1006/ijhc.1998.0199 · Cited by 129
Self-citationThe perceptual representation of voice gender
Mullennix, J. W., Johnson, K. A., Topcu, M., & Farnsworth, L. M. (1995) · The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America · doi:10.1121/1.413832 · Cited by 119
Tusing, K., & Dillard, J. (2000) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2000.tb00754.x · Cited by 114
Review of Research on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
Murray, J. B. (1990) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1990.70.3c.1187 · Cited by 109
Similarity and awareness of similarity of personality characteristics as determinants of attraction.
Byrne, D., & Griffitt, W. B. (1969) · Cited by 104
Voice in Social Interaction: An Interdisciplinary Approach
Pittam, J. (1994) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781483327105 · Cited by 100
Hal's Legacy: 2001's Computer as Dream and Reality
Stork, D. G., & Clarke, A. C. (1996) · Cited by 92
The sounds of dominance. Vocal precursors of perceived dominance during interpersonal influence
Tusing, K. (2000) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1093/hcr/26.1.148 · Cited by 56
Personality similarity and friendship choice: Similarity of what, when?1
Duck, S. W. (1973) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1973.tb00110.x · Cited by 51
Reciprocal Interaction and Similarity of Personality Attributes
Blankenship, V., Hnat, S. M., Hess, T. G., & Brown, D. R. (1984) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407584014002 · Cited by 49
The Effects of Vocalics and Nonverbal Sensitivity on Compliance A Replication and Extension
Buller, D. B., & Burgoon, J. K. (1986) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1986.tb00098.x · Cited by 47
Moon, Y. (1998) · Public Opinion Quarterly · doi:10.1086/297862 · Cited by 41
Discrimination and identification of emotions in human voice by brain-damaged subjects
Denes, G., Caldognetto, E. M., Semenza, C., Vagges, K., & Zettin, M. (1984) · Acta Neurologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1984.tb07794.x · Cited by 39
The effect of task conditions on the comprehensibility of synthetic speech
Lai, J., Wood, D. A., & Considine, M. (2000) · ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI) · doi:10.1145/332040.332451 · Cited by 38
Ramsay, R. W. (1966) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0023520 · Cited by 30
Design of spatialized audio in nomadic environments
Sawhney, N., & Schmandt, C. (1997) · Cited by 23
”The Talking Computer": Text to Speech Synthesis
(1998) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/3404.003.0008 · Cited by 23
Attraction as a function of the commonality and desirability of a trait shared with another.
Jellison, J. M., & Zeisset, P. T. (1969) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0027042 · Cited by 20
Winograd, T., & James, F. H. (1998) · Cited by 19
Design: Designing mobile phones and communicators for consumer needs at Nokia
Väänänen, K., & Ruuska, S. (1999) · interactions · doi:10.1145/312683.312697 · Cited by 16
Bond, R. N., Simpson, S., & Feldstein, S. (1988) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1988.tb00167.x · Cited by 13
REVIEW OF RESEARCH ON THE MYERS-BRIGGS TYPE INDICATOR
Murray, J. B. (1990) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.70.4.1187-1202 · Cited by 12
Kahan, S. (1985) · Cited by 5
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Fiske, 1991, Social cognition.
- Langer, 1989, Mindfulness.
- Scherer, 1979, Personality markers in speech., 147
- Slobin, 1979, Psycholinguistics
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Trust in Automation: Designing for Appropriate Reliance
Lee, J. D., & See, K. A. (2004) · Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1518/hfes.46.1.50_30392 · Cited by 6,605
Using linguistic cues for the automatic recognition of personality in conversation and text
Mairesse, F., Walker, M. A., Mehl, M. R., & Moore, R. K. (2007) · Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research · doi:10.1613/jair.2349 · Cited by 1,046
Feil-Seifer, D., & Matarić, M. J. (2005) · International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics · doi:10.1109/icorr.2005.1501143 · Cited by 1,048
Social signal processing: Survey of an emerging domain
Vinciarelli, A., Pantic, M., & Bourlard, H. (2009) · Image and Vision Computing · doi:10.1016/j.imavis.2008.11.007 · Cited by 842
Scherer, K. R., Schuller, B., & Elkins, A. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316676202 · Cited by 768
Metadata
- Authors
- Nass, C., & Lee, K. M.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied
- Published
- 2001
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 171-181
- ISSN
- 1076-898X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2192
- OpenAlex
- W2164772857
- Semantic Scholar
- 97c709ce30c43e4333a89c78d4a48e7b4ce06693
- Cited by
- 522
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 9.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Psychology Applied (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Marketing › AI in Service Interactions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Social Robot Interaction and HRI
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Innovative Human-Technology Interaction
- Keywords
- similarity attraction, person perception, text-to-speech, trust, liking, online reviews, online auctions, extraversion-introversion, speech rate, frequency range
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Extraversion, Psychological, Female, Humans, Introversion, Psychological, Male, Social Perception, Speech Acoustics, Speech Perception, Internet
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
