The DOI matches its Crossref record; 24 of the 24 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Measurement error in psychological research: Lessons from 26 research scenarios.
Abstract
technical principles to concrete research problems that appear in a wide variety of forms and with a myriad of obscuring features, details, and idiosyncracies. This article is based on a different approach: examination of a series of concrete research scenarios that we have encountered in our work as researchers, advisors to researchers, or reviewers. This article examines 26 real-world case studies and explicates them on the basis of the principles of reliability theory found in Cronbach (1947, 1951) and Cronbach et al. (1972). Although we cite and rely on these sources, other sources (e.g., Thorndike, 1951) would yield identical resolutions; only the terminology would be sometimes (slightly) different. In classical measurement theory, the fundamental general formula for the observed correlation between any two measures, x and y, is yields the dissattenuation formula:
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“This method aims to investigate relations on the level of constructs rather than measured values; therefore, it allows correction for the effects of several statistical artifacts, inter alia, concerning measuring accuracy (or more specifically for internal consistencies [78]).”
From Conceptualizations of cyberchondria and relations to the anxiety spectrum: Systematic review and meta-analysis (2021) · cites this paper as [78]
Citations
Cites
Coefficient Alpha and the Internal Structure of Tests
Cronbach, L. J. (1951) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02310555 · Cited by 43,931
Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology.
Hammer, T. H., Anderson, J. F., Gurdon, M. A., Jick, T. D., Petit, A., Stern, R. N., Schwartz, H., Vardi, Y., & Dunnette, M. D. (1977) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2391755 · Cited by 11,947
Rozeboom, W. W., Lord, F. M., Novick, M. R., & Birnbaum, A. (1969) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.2307/1162101 · Cited by 8,012
Methods of Meta-Analysis: Correcting Error and Bias in Research Findings
Schmidt, F. L., & Hunter, J. E. (2015) · doi:10.4135/9781483398105 · Cited by 5,542
Self-citationEulau, H. H. F. (1960) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.2307/1952653 · Cited by 4,744
Educational measurement, 3rd ed.
Linn, R. L. (1989) · Cited by 2,858
Lipsey, M. W., & Wilson, D. B. (1993) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.48.12.1181 · Cited by 2,033
The Dependability of Behavioral Measurements: Theory of Generalizability for Scores and Profiles
Merrifield, P. R., Cronbach, L. J., Gleser, G. C., Nanda, H., & Rajaratnam, N. (1974) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.2307/1162145 · Cited by 1,819
Personnel Selection in Organizations
Murphy, K. R., Schmitt, N., & Borman, W. C. (1993) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.2307/258598 · Cited by 1,646
Modeling the performance prediction problem in industrial and organizational psychology.
Campbell, J. P. (1990) · Cited by 1,476
Feldman, J. M., Hunter, J. E., Schmidt, F. L., & Jackson, G. B. (1984) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.2307/258247 · Cited by 1,203
Self-citationSmith, P. C., & Kendall, L. M. (1963) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0047060 · Cited by 838
The validity of employment interviews: A comprehensive review and meta-analysis.
McDaniel, M. A., Whetzel, D. L., Schmidt, F., & Maurer, S. D. (1994) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.79.4.599 · Cited by 751
Self-citationWhat do data really mean? Research findings, meta-analysis, and cumulative knowledge in psychology.
Schmidt, F. L. (1992) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.47.10.1173 · Cited by 564 · cited 5×
“These advances have led to the demise of the older belief that population relations among variables are unique to settings, organizations, or subgroups and have therefore encouraged attempts to develop general theories and explanations (Schmidt, 1992).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationTest “Reliability”: Its Meaning and Determination
Cronbach, L. J. (1947) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02289289 · Cited by 469
Pearlman, K., Schmidt, F. L., & Hunter, J. E. (1980) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.65.4.373 · Cited by 343
Self-citationRothstein, H. R. (1990) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.75.3.322 · Cited by 220
Development of a Causal Model of Processes Determining Job Performance
Schmidt, F. L., & Hunter, J. E. (1992) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-8721.ep10768758 · Cited by 208
Self-citationHalo in a multidimensional forced-choice performance evaluation scale.
King, L. M., Hunter, J. E., & Schmidt, F. L. (1980) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.65.5.507 · Cited by 143
Self-citationThe case for confidence intervals in controlled clinical trials
Borenstein, M. (1994) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/0197-2456(94)90036-1 · Cited by 86
Validity generalization results for two job groups in the petroleum industry.
Schmidt, F. L., Hunter, J. E., & Caplan, J. R. (1981) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.66.3.261 · Cited by 80
Self-citationSatisfying a Simplex Structure Is Simpler Than It Should Be
Rogosa, D., & Willett, J. B. (1985) · Journal of Educational Statistics · doi:10.3102/10769986010002099 · Cited by 69
Ackerman, P. L. (1989) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.74.2.360 · Cited by 60
A WITHIN SETTING EMPIRICAL TEST OF THE SITUATIONAL SPECIFICITY HYPOTHESIS IN PERSONNEL SELECTION
Schmidt, F. L., & Hunter, J. E. (1984) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1984.tb01453.x · Cited by 48
Self-citation
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Vandenberg, R. J., & Lance, C. E. (2000) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/109442810031002 · Cited by 7,997
The job satisfaction–job performance relationship: A qualitative and quantitative review.
Judge, T. A., Thoresen, C. J., Bono, J. E., & Patton, G. K. (2001) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.127.3.376 · Cited by 4,760
Harter, J. K., Schmidt, F. L., & Hayes, T. L. (2002) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.87.2.268 · Cited by 4,623
Self-citationPersonality and leadership: A qualitative and quantitative review
Judge, T. A., Bono, J. E., Ilies, R., & Gerhardt, M. W. (2002) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.87.4.765 · Cited by 3,190
A meta-analysis of the five-factor model of personality and academic performance.
Poropat, A. E. (2009) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0014996 · Cited by 2,729
Metadata
- Authors
- Schmidt, F. L., & Hunter, J. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Iowa (US)
- ORCID
- Hunter, John E.
- Venue
- Psychological Methods
- Published
- 1996-06
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 199-223
- ISSN
- 1082-989X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1463
- OpenAlex
- W2051130243
- Cited by
- 567
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 29
- FWCI
- 26.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Methods (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Reliability and Agreement in Measurement
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Keywords
- measurement error, reliability theory, classical test theory, research scenarios, case studies
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