The DOI matches its Crossref record; 24 of the 24 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Measurement error in psychological research: Lessons from 26 research scenarios.
Abstract
technical principles to concrete research problems that appear in a wide variety of forms and with a myriad of obscuring features, details, and idiosyncracies. This article is based on a different approach: examination of a series of concrete research scenarios that we have encountered in our work as researchers, advisors to researchers, or reviewers. This article examines 26 real-world case studies and explicates them on the basis of the principles of reliability theory found in Cronbach (1947, 1951) and Cronbach et al. (1972). Although we cite and rely on these sources, other sources (e.g., Thorndike, 1951) would yield identical resolutions; only the terminology would be sometimes (slightly) different. In classical measurement theory, the fundamental general formula for the observed correlation between any two measures, x and y, is yields the dissattenuation formula:
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“This method aims to investigate relations on the level of constructs rather than measured values; therefore, it allows correction for the effects of several statistical artifacts, inter alia, concerning measuring accuracy (or more specifically for internal consistencies [78]).”
From Conceptualizations of cyberchondria and relations to the anxiety spectrum: Systematic review and meta-analysis (2021) · cites this paper as [78]
Citations
Cites
Coefficient Alpha and the Internal Structure of Tests
Cronbach, L. J. (1951) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02310555 · Cited by 43,931
Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology.
Hammer, T. H., Anderson, J. F., Gurdon, M. A., Jick, T. D., Petit, A., Stern, R. N., Schwartz, H., Vardi, Y., & Dunnette, M. D. (1977) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2391755 · Cited by 11,947
Rozeboom, W. W., Lord, F. M., Novick, M. R., & Birnbaum, A. (1969) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.2307/1162101 · Cited by 8,012
Methods of Meta-Analysis: Correcting Error and Bias in Research Findings
Schmidt, F. L., & Hunter, J. E. (2015) · doi:10.4135/9781483398105 · Cited by 5,542
Self-citationEulau, H. H. F. (1960) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.2307/1952653 · Cited by 4,744
Educational measurement, 3rd ed.
Linn, R. L. (1989) · Cited by 2,858
Lipsey, M. W., & Wilson, D. B. (1993) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.48.12.1181 · Cited by 2,033
The Dependability of Behavioral Measurements: Theory of Generalizability for Scores and Profiles
Merrifield, P. R., Cronbach, L. J., Gleser, G. C., Nanda, H., & Rajaratnam, N. (1974) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.2307/1162145 · Cited by 1,819
Personnel Selection in Organizations
Murphy, K. R., Schmitt, N., & Borman, W. C. (1993) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.2307/258598 · Cited by 1,646
Modeling the performance prediction problem in industrial and organizational psychology.
Campbell, J. P. (1990) · Cited by 1,476
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Vandenberg, R. J., & Lance, C. E. (2000) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/109442810031002 · Cited by 7,997
The job satisfaction–job performance relationship: A qualitative and quantitative review.
Judge, T. A., Thoresen, C. J., Bono, J. E., & Patton, G. K. (2001) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.127.3.376 · Cited by 4,760
Harter, J. K., Schmidt, F. L., & Hayes, T. L. (2002) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.87.2.268 · Cited by 4,623
Self-citationPersonality and leadership: A qualitative and quantitative review
Judge, T. A., Bono, J. E., Ilies, R., & Gerhardt, M. W. (2002) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.87.4.765 · Cited by 3,190
A meta-analysis of the five-factor model of personality and academic performance.
Poropat, A. E. (2009) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0014996 · Cited by 2,729
Metadata
- Authors
- Schmidt, F. L., & Hunter, J. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Iowa (US)
- ORCID
- Hunter, John E.
- Venue
- Psychological Methods
- Published
- 1996-06
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 199-223
- ISSN
- 1082-989X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1463
- OpenAlex
- W2051130243
- Cited by
- 567
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 29
- FWCI
- 26.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Methods (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Reliability and Agreement in Measurement
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Keywords
- measurement error, reliability theory, classical test theory, research scenarios, case studies
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review