The DOI matches its Crossref record; 96 of the 97 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Affects of variable and subject sampling on factor pattern recovery.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“the guidelines of Velicer and Fava (1998) about the size of the factor loadings and the number of variables as a function of the sample size are pertinent in CFA/SEM too.”
From Applied Psychometrics: Sample Size and Sample Power Considerations in Factor Analysis (EFA, CFA) and SEM in General (2018) · cites this paper as Velicer and Fava (1998)
Citations
Cites
Coefficient Alpha and the Internal Structure of Tests
Cronbach, L. J. (1951) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02310555 · Cited by 43,931
Herne, H., Cooley, W. W., & Lohnes, P. R. (1973) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A (General) · doi:10.2307/2344428 · Cited by 35,801
Comparative fit indexes in structural models.
Bentler, P. M. (1990) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238 · Cited by 25,266
Psychometric theory (2nd ed.).
Sitgreaves, R. (1979) · Contemporary Psychology · doi:10.1037/018882 · Cited by 14,384
The application of electronic computers to factor analysis
Kaiser, H. F. (1960) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/001316446002000116 · Cited by 12,459
Construct validity in psychological tests.
Cronbach, L. J., & Meehl, P. E. (1955) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0040957 · Cited by 11,195
A Rationale and Test for the Number of Factors in Factor Analysis
Horn, J. L. (1965) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02289447 · Cited by 8,965
Multivariate Statistical Methods
(2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-5614-7_2263 · Cited by 5,584
A First Course in Factor Analysis
Comrey, A. L., & Lee, H. B. (2013) · doi:10.4324/9781315827506 · Cited by 4,546
Goodness-of-fit indexes in confirmatory factor analysis: The effect of sample size.
Marsh, H. W., Balla, J. R., & McDonald, R. P. (1988) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.391 · Cited by 3,953
Comparison of five rules for determining the number of components to retain.
Zwick, W. R., & Velicer, W. F. (1986) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.99.3.432 · Cited by 3,270
Self-citationEvaluation of goodness-of-fit indices for structural equation models.
Mulaik, S. A., James, L. R., Alstine, J. V., Bennett, N., Lind, S., & Stilwell, C. D. (1989) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.105.3.430 · Cited by 2,927
Relation of sample size to the stability of component patterns.
Guadagnoli, E., & Velicer, W. F. (1988) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.103.2.265 · Cited by 2,880
Self-citationRummel, R. J. (1970) · Cited by 2,458
Determining the number of components from the matrix of partial correlations
Velicer, W. F. (1976) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02293557 · Cited by 2,438
Self-citationThe Scientific Use of Factor Analysis in Behavioral and Life Sciences
Cattell, R. B. (1978) · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-2262-7 · Cited by 2,165
Factor Analysis as a Statistical Method.
Browne, M. W., Lawley, D., & Maxwell, A. E. (1964) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series D (The Statistician) · doi:10.2307/2986693 · Cited by 2,067
Cross-Cultural Research Methods
Brislin, R. W. (1980) · Environment and Culture · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-0451-5_3 · Cited by 2,067
Comparative Fit Indices in Structural Models
Bentler, P. M. (1990) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 2,044
A Generalized Solution of the Orthogonal Procrustes Problem
Schönemann, P. H. (1966) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02289451 · Cited by 2,040
The theory of the estimation of test reliability
Kuder, G. F., & Richardson, M. W. (1937) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02288391 · Cited by 1,953
Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. (1984) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02294170 · Cited by 1,775
Factor-analytic methods of scale development in personality and clinical psychology
Comrey, A. L. (1988) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.56.5.754 · Cited by 1,154
Statistical Inference in Factor Analysis
Anderson, T. W., & Rubin, H. (1956) · Project Euclid (Cornell University) · Cited by 955
Some contributions to maximum likelihood factor analysis
Jöreskog, K. (1967) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02289658 · Cited by 880
Advances in factor analysis and structural equation models
Jöreskog, K. G., Sörbom, D., & Magidson, J. (1979) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 826
Component Analysis versus Common Factor Analysis: Some issues in Selecting an Appropriate Procedure
Velicer, W. F., & Jackson, D. N. (1990) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr2501_1 · Cited by 739
Self-citationFactor Analysis as a Statistical Method.
Browne, M. W., Lawley, D. N., & Maxwell, A. E. (1973) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2284191 · Cited by 733
Some Theory and Applications of Confirmatory Second-Order Factor Analysis
Rindskopf, D. M., & Rose, T. (1988) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr2301_3 · Cited by 672
Factor Analysis and Related Methods
Widaman, K. F., & McDonald, R. P. (1987) · Journal of Educational Statistics · doi:10.2307/1164692 · Cited by 668
Current topics in clinical and community psychology
Spielberger, C. D. (1969) · Academic Press eBooks · Cited by 579
Arrindell, W. A., & van der Ende, J. (1985) · Applied Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/014662168500900205 · Cited by 550
Factors Influencing Four Rules For Determining The Number Of Components To Retain
Zwick, W. R., & Velicer, W. F. (1982) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr1702_5 · Cited by 519
Self-citationA Sequential System for Personality Scale Development
Jackson, D. N. (1970) · Current topics in clinical and community psychology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-153502-5.50008-4 · Cited by 492
Press, J. S. (1972) · Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) · Cited by 487
Rindskopf, D. (1984) · Sociological Methods & Research · doi:10.1177/0049124184013001004 · Cited by 455
Common Factor Analysis versus Component Analysis: Some Well and Little Known Facts
Gorsuch, R. L. (1990) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr2501_3 · Cited by 434
Theory Construction and Data Analysis in the Behavioral Sciences.
Cohen, B. P., & Shye, S. (1980) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2066281 · Cited by 388
The dynamics of “structured” personality tests
Meehl, P. E. (2000) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4679(200003)56:3 · Cited by 366
Effects of under- and overextraction on principal axis factor analysis with varimax rotation.
Wood, J. M., Tataryn, D. J., & Gorsuch, R. L. (1996) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.1.4.354 · Cited by 355
Dillon, W. R., Kumar, A. S., & Mulani, N. (1987) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.101.1.126 · Cited by 334
Estimation and Tests of Significance in Factor Analysis
Rao, C. R. (1955) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02288983 · Cited by 306
Component Analysis versus Common Factor Analysis: Some Further Observations
Velicer, W. F., & Jackson, D. N. (1990) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr2501_12 · Cited by 299
Self-citationImage Theory for the Structure of Quantitative Variates
Guttman, L. (1953) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02289264 · Cited by 283
Gerbing, D. W., & Anderson, J. C. (1985) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr2003_2 · Cited by 272
Pruzek, R. M., & Boomsma, A. (1984) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2288313 · Cited by 258
The Behavior Of Number-Of-Factors Rules With Simulated Data
Hakstian, A. R., Rogers, W. T., & Cattell, R. B. (1982) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr1702_3 · Cited by 247
Guttman, L. (1955) · British Journal of Statistical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1955.tb00321.x · Cited by 234
On Various Causes of Improper Solutions in Maximum Likelihood Factor Analysis
van Driel, O. P. (1978) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02293865 · Cited by 213
The observation to variable ratio in factor analysis.
Barrett, P. T., & Kline, P. (1981) · Cited by 211
On the Equivalence of Factors and Components
Bentler, P. M., & Kano, Y. (1990) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr2501_8 · Cited by 206
Proceedings of the Third Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability
Allen, R. G. D., & Neyman, J. (1958) · Econometrica · doi:10.2307/1907633 · Cited by 184
A Comparison Of Component And Factor Patterns: A Monte Carlo Approach
Velicer, W. F., Peacock, A. C., & Jackson, D. N. (1982) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr1703_5 · Cited by 174
Self-citationA Comparison of Factor Analytic Techniques
Browne, M. W. (1968) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02289327 · Cited by 168
Introduction to modern factor analysis
Guertin, W. H., & Bailey, J. P. (1970) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 164
A Numerical Procedure to Generate a Sample Covariance Matrix
Odell, P. L., & Feiveson, A. H. (1966) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.1966.10502018 · Cited by 156
The Effects of Overextraction on Factor and Component Analysis
Fava, J. L., & Velicer, W. F. (1992) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr2703_5 · Cited by 152
Self-citationSome New Results on Factor Indeterminacy
Schönemann, P. H., & Wang, M. (1972) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02291413 · Cited by 144
Some Rao-Guttman Relationships
Harris, C. W. (1962) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02289622 · Cited by 136
A Comparison of Pattern Matching Indices
Guadagnoli, E., & Velicer, W. F. (1991) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr2602_7 · Cited by 108
Self-citationThe Relation Between Factor Score Estimates, Image Scores, and Principal Component Scores
Velicer, W. F. (1976) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/001316447603600114 · Cited by 104
Self-citationParameterizing Inequality Constraints on Unique Variances in Linear Structural Models
Rindskopf, D. M. (1983) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02314677 · Cited by 92
Some Additional Thoughts on Components, Factors, and Factor Indeterminancy
Steiger, J. H. (1990) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr2501_4 · Cited by 90
SOME CONTRIBUTIONS TO FACTOR ANALYSIS
Howe, W. (1955) · OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) · doi:10.2172/4372110 · Cited by 87
The Effects of Underextraction in Factor and Component Analyses
Fava, J. L., & Velicer, W. F. (1996) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164496056006001 · Cited by 86
Self-citationSchönemann, P. H., & Steiger, J. H. (1976) · British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1976.tb00713.x · Cited by 86
An Evaluation of the Effects of Variable Sampling On Component, Image, and Factor Analysis
Velicer, W. F., & Fava, J. L. (1987) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr2202_4 · Cited by 85
Self-citationThe Minimum Average Correlation between Equivalent Sets of Uncorrelated Factors
Schönemann, P. H. (1971) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02291419 · Cited by 82
Blurring the Distinctions Between Component Analysis and Common Factor Analysis
Mulaik, S. A. (1990) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr2501_6 · Cited by 81
Multistructure Statistical Model Applied To Factor Analysis
Bentler, P. M. (1976) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr1101_1 · Cited by 73
An Empirical Comparison Of The Similarity Of Principal Component, Image, And Factor Patterns
Velicer, W. F. (1977) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr1201_1 · Cited by 72
Self-citationFacts, Fictions, and Common Sense About Factors and Components
Schönemann, P. H. (1990) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr2501_5 · Cited by 69
Bias in Pattern Loadings Represented by Common Factor Analysis and Component Analysis
Widaman, K. F. (1990) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr2501_11 · Cited by 69
Principles versus Principals of Structural Factor Analyses
McArdle, J. J. (1990) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr2501_10 · Cited by 68
Deciding on the ratio of number of subjects to number of variables in factor analysis
Baggaley, A. R. (1983) · The Journal of multivariate experimental personality and clinical psychology. · doi:10.62704/10057/17539 · Cited by 64
An Empirical Comparison of Factor, Image, Component, and Scale Scores
Fava, J. L., & Velicer, W. F. (1992) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr2703_1 · Cited by 63
Self-citationCapitalization on Chance in Rotation of Factors
Humphreys, L. G., Ilgen, D. R., McGrath, D., & Montanelli, R. G. (1969) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/001316446902900202 · Cited by 63
Random Variables and Correlational Overkill
Kunce, J. T., Cook, D. W., & Miller, D. E. (1975) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/001316447503500301 · Cited by 62
Maximum-likelihood estimation in common factor analysis: A cautionary note.
Jackson, D. N., & Chan, D. W. (1980) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.88.2.502 · Cited by 48
Comparison of Factor Analytic Results with Two-Choice and Seven-Choice Personality Item Formats
Comrey, A. L., & Montag, I. (1982) · Applied Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/014662168200600304 · Cited by 48
McDonald, R. P., & Krane, W. R. (1979) · British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1979.tb00757.x · Cited by 47
Component Analysis versus Common Factor Analysis: A Case of Disputed Authorship
Loehlin, J. C. (1990) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr2501_2 · Cited by 46
EFFICIENT ESTIMATION IN IMAGE FACTOR ANALYSIS1
Jöreskog, K. G. (1967) · ETS Research Bulletin Series · doi:10.1002/j.2333-8504.1967.tb00550.x · Cited by 42
A note on local identifiability and degrees of freedom in the asymptotic likelihood ratio test
McDonald, R. P., & Krane, W. R. (1977) · British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1977.tb00739.x · Cited by 42
The Relation Between Item Format and the Structure of the Eysenck Personality Inventory
Velicer, W. F., & Stevenson, J. F. (1978) · Applied Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/014662167800200210 · Cited by 40
Self-citationVelicer, W. F. (1974) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/001316447403400309 · Cited by 33
Self-citationGlass, G. V., & Taylor, P. A. (1966) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.2307/1169482 · Cited by 31
Role of female behavior in controlling population growth in mice
Yasukawa, N. J., Monder, H., Leff, F. R., & Christian, J. J. (1985) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/1098-2337(1985)11:1 · Cited by 30
Self-citationItem Format and the Structure of the Eysenck Personality Inventory: A Replication
Oswald, W. T., & Velicer, W. F. (1980) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa4403_11 · Cited by 22
Self-citationCaveat on Sample Sizes in Factor Analysis
Loo, R. (1983) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1983.56.2.371 · Cited by 21
Item Format and the Structure of the Personal Orientation Inventory
Velicer, W. F., DiClemente, C. C., & Corriveau, D. P. (1984) · Applied Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/014662168400800405 · Cited by 21
Self-citationThe Geometry of Factorial Indeterminancy
Heermann, E. F. (1964) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02289603 · Cited by 20
A Computer Program to Generate Sample Correlation and Covariance Matrices
Montanelli, R. G. (1975) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/001316447503500128 · Cited by 19
Least Squares and Latent Variables
Bookstein, F. L. (1990) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr2501_9 · Cited by 15
Whatever Happened to Broad Perspective?
Rozeboom, W. W. (1990) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr2501_7 · Cited by 11
A Class of Simple Methods for Exploratory Structural Analysis
Pruzek, R. M., & Rabinowitz, S. N. (1981) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.2307/1162380 · Cited by 10
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research.
Fabrigar, L. R., Wegener, D. T., MacCallum, R. C., & Strahan, E. J. (1999) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.4.3.272 · Cited by 9,587
Sample size in factor analysis.
MacCallum, R. C., Widaman, K. F., Zhang, S., & Hong, S. (1999) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.4.1.84 · Cited by 5,497
“These results are consistent with findings by Velicer and Fava (1998) and others.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialScale Development Research: A Content Analysis and Recommendations for Best Practices
Worthington, R. L., & Whittaker, T. A. (2006) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000006288127 · Cited by 4,087
Wolf, E. J., Harrington, K. M., Clark, S. L., & Miller, M. W. (2013) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164413495237 · Cited by 3,931
“These characteristics of a model have also been shown to influence other important aspects of model output that are not under consideration in this study, such as the performance and stability of fit indices (see Jackson, 2001; Kim, 2005; Velicer & Fava, 1998).”
BackgroundCostello, A. B., & Osborne, J. (2005) · University of Massachusetts Amherst · doi:10.7275/jyj1-4868 · Cited by 10,297
“8 or greater (Velicer and Fava, 1998) – but this is very unlikely to occur in real data.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Velicer, W. F., & Fava, J. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Rhode Island (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Methods
- Published
- 1998-06
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 231-251
- ISSN
- 1082-989X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1463
- OpenAlex
- W2014533626
- Cited by
- 998
- References
- 97
- Citations by year
- 2026: 34 · 2025: 47 · 2024: 53 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 48 · 2021: 55 · 2020: 70 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 64 · 2017: 65 · 2016: 56 · 2015: 51 · 2014: 62 · 2013: 55 · 2012: 48
- FWCI
- 11.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Methods (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Applications
- Keywords
- variable sampling, sample size, factor analysis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
