The DOI matches its Crossref record; 27 of the 27 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Facial dynamics as indicators of trustworthiness and cooperative behavior.
Abstract
Detecting cooperative partners in situations that have financial stakes is crucial to successful social exchange. The authors tested whether humans are sensitive to subtle facial dynamics of counterparts when deciding whether to trust and cooperate. Participants played a 2-person trust game before which the facial dynamics of the other player were manipulated using brief (<6 s) but highly realistic facial animations. Results showed that facial dynamics significantly influenced participants' (a) choice of with whom to play the game and (b) decisions to cooperate. It was also found that inferences about the other player's trustworthiness mediated these effects of facial dynamics on cooperative behavior.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Authentic smiles engender stronger inferences of trustworthiness and cooperativeness than fake smiles”
From The Social Effects of Emotions (2022) · cites this paper as Krumhuber et al. 2007
In the citing paper
“People also tend to feel less trust toward, and cooperate less with, interaction partners who exhibit inauthentic rather than authentic smiles (Krumhuber et al. 2007).”
From The Social Effects of Emotions (2022) · cites this paper as Krumhuber et al. 2007
In the citing paper
“For instance, across contexts and emotions, authentic emotional expressions tend to have more adaptive social consequences than inauthentic emotional expressions, because inauthentic expressions undermine observers' trust (Côté et al. 2013, Krumhuber et al. 2007).”
From The Social Effects of Emotions (2022) · cites this paper as Krumhuber et al. 2007
In the citing paper
“Facial gestures and physical traits also influence impressions [40], as do characteristics of the trustor [41], comments posted by friends, and personality traits of the trustee [42,43], which were not examined here.”
From Effects of Mock Facebook Workday Comments on Public Perception of Professional Credibility: A Field Study in Canada (2019) · cites this paper as [40]
Citations
Cites
First Impressions: Making Up Your Mind After a 100-Ms Exposure to a Face
Willis, J., & Todorov, A. (2006) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01750.x · Cited by 2,300
Kintsch, W. (1977) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,051
Social Functions of Emotions at Four Levels of Analysis
Keltner, D., & Haidt, J. (1999) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/026999399379168 · Cited by 1,743
Inferences of competence from faces predict election outcomes
Todorov, A., Mandisodza, A. N., Goren, A., & Hall, C. C. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1110589 · Cited by 1,508
(1972) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2013-0-02458-9 · Cited by 1,463
The Duchenne smile: Emotional expression and brain physiology: II.
Ekman, P., Davidson, R. J., & Friesen, W. V. (1990) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.58.2.342 · Cited by 1,371
Felt, false, and miserable smiles
Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1982) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/bf00987191 · Cited by 1,074
Automatic and intentional brain responses during evaluation of trustworthiness of faces
Winston, J. S., Strange, B. A., O'Doherty, J., & Dolan, R. J. (2002) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn816 · Cited by 993
Deciphering the Enigmatic Face
Ambadar, Z., Schooler, J. W., & Cohn, J. F. (2005) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01548.x · Cited by 678
Ekman, P., Friesen, W. V., & O'Sullivan, M. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.3.414 · Cited by 649
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 407
Okubo, M., Ishikawa, K., Kobayashi, A., Laeng, B., & Tommasi, L. (2015) · Evolutionary Psychology · doi:10.1177/1474704915600567 · Cited by 13
“This research suggests that ‘‘smiling’’ may be one of the most influential determinants of facial attractiveness because (a) it is a universal emotional display and (b) it conveys a powerful nonverbal cue that is important in social interactions (Krumhuber et al., 2007).”
BackgroundA Call for the Empirical Investigation of Tear Stimuli
Krivan, S. J., & Thomas, N. A. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00052 · Cited by 13
Inferring Intentions from Emotion Expressions in Social Decision Making
Gratch, J. S., & de Melo, C. M. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-32968-6_8 · Cited by 13
Handshaking Promotes Cooperative DealmakingPreprint
Schroeder, J., Risen, J. L., Francesca Gino, B., & Norton, M. I. (2014) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2443674 · Cited by 13
“Indeed, smiling increases cooperative behavior in economic games (Krumhuber et al., 2007; Scharlemann, Eckel, Kacelnik, & Wilson, 2001).”
BackgroundDictators’ facial characteristics and foreign direct investment
François, A., Panel, S., & Weill, L. (2022) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2022.101644 · Cited by 12
A database of heterogeneous faces for studying naturalistic expressions
Long, H., Peluso, N., Baker, C. I., JAPEE, S. A., & Taubert, J. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-32659-5 · Cited by 14
The Effect of Agency on the Impact of Emotion Expressions on People's Decision Making
de Melo, C. M., Gratch, J. S., & Carnevale, P. J. D. (2013) · International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction and workshops · doi:10.1109/acii.2013.96 · Cited by 12
“These findings are important for affective computing because they suggest people’s decision making might be influenced differently according to whether they believe the emotional expressions shown by a computer are being generated by a computer algorithm or a human.”
BackgroundEmotional signaling in a social dilemma: An automatic analysis
Stratou, G., Hoegen, R., Lucas, G., & Gratch, J. S. (2015) · International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction and workshops · doi:10.1109/acii.2015.7344569 · Cited by 12
“In yet another example, Krumhuber and colleagues used videotaped confederates and virtual humans to demonstrate how the temporal dynamics of a smile can shape decisions in a trust game [4].”
BackgroundSex differences in cooperativeness—An experiment with Buryats in Southern Siberia
Rostovtseva, V. V., Weissing, F. J., Mezentseva, A. A., & Butovskaya, M. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0239129 · Cited by 13
Bridging the empathy gap: or not? Reactions to ingroup and outgroup facial expressions
Heß, U., Rychlowska, M., Storz, T., Blaison, C., Fischer, A. H., & Krumhuber, E. G. (2022) · Journal of Cultural Cognitive Science · doi:10.1007/s41809-022-00097-w · Cited by 14
“It is plausible that this tendency also extends to the perception of authenticity or genuineness of facial expressions which constitutes a basis for establishing interpersonal trust (Krumhuber et al., 2007).”
InfluentialSelf-citationKüster, D., Krumhuber, E. G., & Kappas, A. (2014) · Palgrave Macmillan eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137345868_13 · Cited by 12
Self-citationEgocentric foundations of trust
Posten, A., & Mussweiler, T. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2019.103820 · Cited by 12
Zhang, D., Lin, H., & Perrett, D. I. (2020) · Perception · doi:10.1177/0301006620909286 · Cited by 14
“People rapidly make trait judgements from facial clues and reach a consensus on their judgement (Krumhuber et al., 2007; Todorov, Pakrashi, & Oosterhof, 2009; Willis & Todorov, 2006; Zebrowitz, Voinescu, & Collins, 1996).”
BackgroundEffects of face masks on the appearance of emotional expressions and invariant characteristics
Lau, W. K., & Huckauf, A. (2021) · Open Psychology · doi:10.1515/psych-2020-0113 · Cited by 12
“Genuine smiles with a long onset to the smile apex, a short smile apex duration, and a long offset from the smile apex, appears more trustworthy than smiles with short onsets and offsets, and long apex durations (Krumhuber & Kappas, 2005; Krumhuber et al., 2007).”
BackgroundA Decision-Making Perspective to Negotiation: A Review of the Past and a Look into the FuturePreprint
Tsay, C., & Bazerman, M. H. (2009) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1431970 · Cited by 12
“In addition, interest in facial dynamics has resurged; research indicates that we are sensitive to these dynamics and can quickly assess trustworthiness (Willis and Todorov 2006) and that these inferences mediate the effects of facial dynamics on cooperation (Krumhuber et al. 2007).”
BackgroundCan people detect the trustworthiness of strangers based on their facial appearance?Preprint
Jaeger, B., Oud, B., Williams, T. D., Krumhuber, E. G., Fehr, E., & Engelmann, J. B. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/ayqeh · Cited by 12
Self-citationCEO facial trustworthiness and corporate governance
Bi, W., Wang, Y., Xiang, Y., & Zhang, F. F. (2022) · China Accounting and Finance Review · doi:10.1108/cafr-03-2022-0016 · Cited by 11
Subjective consistency increases trust
Nowak, A. K., Biesaga, M., Ziembowicz, K., Baran, T., & Winkielman, P. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-32034-4 · Cited by 13
The Effect of the Intensity of Happy Expression on Social Perception of Chinese Faces
Li, Y., Jiang, Z., Yang, Y., Leng, H., Pei, F., & Wu, Q. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.638398 · Cited by 11
Wang, K. L., Nguyen, H., Johnson, A. M., & Groth, M. (2021) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.21567 · Cited by 12
Emotional Labor, Rapport, and Word of Mouth in Fitness Organizations
Lee, Y. H., & Hwang, S. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14169968 · Cited by 11
Contextualising Smiles: Is Perception of Smile Genuineness Influenced by Situation and Culture?
Mui, P. H. C., Gan, Y., Goudbeek, M. B., & Swerts, M. G. J. (2020) · Perception · doi:10.1177/0301006620904510 · Cited by 10
“…a thoughtful and timely manner, for nongenuine smiles have been associated with unfavourable perceptions of competence, cooperativeness, and trustworthiness (e.g., Gunnery & Ruben, 2016; Johnston, Miles, & Macrae, 2010; Krumhuber, Manstead, Cosker, Marshall, & Rosin, 2009; Krumhuber et al., 2007).”
BackgroundLi, J., Xia, Y., Ji, C., & Li, H. (2024) · Chinese Management Studies · doi:10.1108/cms-06-2023-0302 · Cited by 13
Are All Smiles Perceived Equal? The Role of Service Provider’s Gender
Choi, S., Choi, C., & Mattila, A. (2020) · Service Science · doi:10.1287/serv.2019.0252 · Cited by 7
The subjective value of a smile alters social behaviour
Heerey, E. A., & Gilder, T. S. E. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0225284 · Cited by 16
“money with smiling versus non-smiling partners in trust games, even when returns are lower [13, 14].”
BackgroundCan Expressing Positivity Elicit Support for Negative Events? A Process Model and Review
Walsh, R. M., & Forest, A. L. (2020) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868320961899 · Cited by 10
“People tend to perceive inauthentic expressions as inappropriate (van Kleef, 2016), and they judge individuals expressing fake (vs. genuine and vs. neutral) expressions to be less likable, attractive, and trustworthy (Krumhuber et al., 2007).”
BackgroundKappas, A., & Olk, B. (2008) · Visual Studies · doi:10.1080/14725860802276313 · Cited by 10
“Such decisions are based on the physiognomy – that is, the morphological features of the face – but also on subtle aspects of how facial movements unfold dynamically (Krumhuber et al. 2007).”
BackgroundSelf-citationEmotions as Agents of Social Influence
Kleef, G. A. V. (2014) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199859870.013.19 · Cited by 10
Predicting Group Contribution Behaviour in a Public Goods Game from Face-to-Face Communication
Othman, E., Saxen, F., Bershadskyy, D., Werner, P., Al-Hamadi, A. K., & Weimann, J. (2019) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s19122786 · Cited by 10
A Model of Smiling as a Costly Signal of Cooperation Opportunities
Centorrino, S., Djemaï, É., Hopfensitz, A., Milinski, M., & Seabright, P. (2015) · Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology · doi:10.1007/s40750-015-0026-4 · Cited by 12
Straßmann, C., Pütten, A. M. R.-V. D., & Krämer, N. C. (2018) · Advances in Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1155/2018/2589542 · Cited by 10
“In line with this claim, prior research demonstrated that interlocutors are sensitive to subtle facial expressions like smilingwhen they evaluate the other person’s cooperativeness [5] and that smiling can evoke more cooperation behavior [6].”
ResultThe irrepressible influence of vocal stereotypes on trust
Torre, I., White, L., Goslin, J., & Knight, S. (2023) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/17470218231211549 · Cited by 9
“Simulated investments in this game have been used as a proxy for trust as influenced by various attributes, including gender (Chaudhuri & Gangadharan, 2007) and facial expression (Krumhuber et al., 2007).”
Yang, C.-L., Yoshida, S., Kuzuoka, H., Narumi, T., & Yamashita, N. (2023) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3544548.3581061 · Cited by 11
“Furthermore, past studies have shown that dynamic facial movements influence perceived trustworthiness of a person [41] and rapport building [50].”
BackgroundClark, A. P., Jack, V., Morrison, E. R., & Penton‐Voak, I. S. (2009) · Journal of Evolutionary Psychology · doi:10.1556/jep.7.2009.2.1 · Cited by 9
The neural dynamics underlying the interpersonal effects of emotional expression on decision making
Chen, X., Zheng, T., Han, L., Chang, Y., & Luo, Y. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep46651 · Cited by 11
Okubo, M., Ishikawa, K., & Kobayashi, A. (2017) · Laterality Asymmetries of Body Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1080/1357650x.2017.1351449 · Cited by 9
“(1999) found that people tend to show one side of the face according to the purpose of their behaviour (for a review, see Lindell, 2013). For example, the majority of people present the left cheek, which is the emotional side of the face, when asked to express as much emotion as possible, whereas they present the righ…”
BackgroundMethodEmotional expressions facilitate human–human trust when using automation in high-risk situations
Feng, J., Sanchez, J., Sall, R. J., Lyons, J. B., & Nam, C. S. (2019) · Military Psychology · doi:10.1080/08995605.2019.1630227 · Cited by 9
Kaisler, R. E., Marin, M. M., & Leder, H. (2020) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/2158244020940705 · Cited by 9
“Previous research showed a clear impact of facial features on person judgments (Bayliss & Tipper, 2006; Krumhuber et al., 2007).”
BackgroundFacial Mimicry and Social Context Affect Smile Interpretation
Orlowska, A., Rychlowska, M., Szarota, P., & Krumhuber, E. G. (2023) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10919-023-00437-6 · Cited by 9
“Such a tendency may be particularly marked for static stimuli which are more difficult to discern than dynamic expressions (Krumhuber et al., 2007, 2013).”
BackgroundSelf-citationHonest smiles as a costly signal in social exchange
Centorrino, S., Djemaï, É., Hopfensitz, A., Milinski, M., & Seabright, P. (2010) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x10001287 · Cited by 9
Untrustworthiness inhibits congruent facial reactions to happy faces
Fujimura, T., & Okanoya, K. (2016) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.09.005 · Cited by 9
Smiles Signal Surprise in a Social Dilemma
Lei, S., & Gratch, J. S. (2019) · International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction and workshops · doi:10.1109/acii.2019.8925494 · Cited by 10
“In this line, research delves into the temporal dynamics of expressions [12] [13] or examines subtle morphological differences across categories”
BackgroundPhysiological synchrony promotes cooperative success in real-life interactionsPreprint
Behrens, F., Snijdewint, J. A., Moulder, R. G., Prochazkova, E., Sjak-Shie, E. E., Boker, S. M., & Kret, M. E. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/792416 · Cited by 9
“Although explicit, visible signals such as facial expressions and eye gaze can provide valuable information, these signals are easily faked and do not necessarily reflect a person’s true intentions (5, 41, 42).”
BackgroundLay beliefs in physiognomy explain overreliance on facial impressionsPreprint
Jaeger, B., Evans, A. M., Stel, M., & van Beest, I. (2019) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/8dq4x · Cited by 10
Witkower, Z., Hill, A. K., Pun, A., Baron, A. S., Koster, J., & Tracy, J. L. (2023) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/tj4uw · Cited by 9
Bouba and Kiki inside objects: Sound-shape correspondence for objects with a hole
Kim, S.-H. (2019) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2019.104132 · Cited by 8
Aligning the smiles of dating dyads causally increases attraction
Arias, P., Bedoya, D., Daube, C., Aucouturier, J., Hall, L., & Johansson, P. (2024) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2400369121 · Cited by 7
“The conversations were entirely unscripted: We instructed participants to talk about any conversation topic they wanted with their interacting partner for the whole length of the interaction.”
Perceptual Study on Facial Expressions
Krumhuber, E. G., & Skora, L. I. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-30808-1_18-1 · Cited by 8
Self-citationVocal Emotion Expressions Effects on Cooperation Behavior.
Meneses, J. A. C., & Díaz, J. M. M. (2017) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · Cited by 8
Burgoon, J. K., Wang, R. X., Chen, X., Ge, T. S., & Dorn, B. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.781487 · Cited by 8
Judging Strangers’ Trustworthiness is Associated with Theory of Mind Skills
Prévost, M., Brodeur, M. B., Onishi, K. H., Lepage, M., & Gold, I. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00052 · Cited by 9
“Consistent with a link between mind reading and trust, fake smiles were associated with lower trustworthiness evaluations than authentic smiles (19), suggesting that perception and inference of intentions (at least falsely conveyed ones) are indeed related to trustworthiness judgments.”
BackgroundDoes Social Exclusion Improve Detection of Real and Fake Smiles? A Replication Study
Schindler, S., & Trede, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.626087 · Cited by 9
Qi, Y., Yadan, L., Feng, Y., Chen, Z., Li, Q., Du, F., & Liu, X. (2021) · PsyCh Journal · doi:10.1002/pchj.498 · Cited by 7
The spatio-temporal features of perceived-as-genuine and deliberate expressions
Namba, S., Nakamura, K., & Watanabe, K. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0271047 · Cited by 9
“Although facial expression clues from the encoders’ perspective influence perceptions and judgments of smile genuineness [4, 6, 19], decoders’ perceived meanings and encoders’ genuine expressions must be investigated.”
BackgroundSen, T., Hasan, M. K., Tran, M., Levin, M., Yang, Y., & Hoque, M. E. (2018) · International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition · doi:10.1109/fg.2018.00058 · Cited by 7
“Is there an objective way to determine how many types of smile there are from millions of unlabeled faces? By identifying such a set of common smiles can we gain insight into more complex behavior, such as deception? Facial expressions pertaining to trustworthiness, negotiation, and deception have also been heavily st…”
BackgroundEmotion or expressivity? An automated analysis of nonverbal perception in a social dilemma
Lei, S., Stefanov, K., & Gratch, J. S. (2020) · International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition · doi:10.1109/fg47880.2020.00123 · Cited by 7
“(3) What temporal aspects of these behaviors are crucial for supporting these inferences [13][14]?”
BackgroundKleef, G. A. V. (2021) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073921991231 · Cited by 9
“This work shows that emotional expressions that correspond with internal feelings are perceived as more authentic and attract more favorable responses from observers than emotional expressions that do not correspond with internal feelings (Cheshin et al., 2018; Côté et al., 2013; Grandey et al., 2005; Krumhuber et al.…”
BackgroundZhang, Y.-Z., Zhang, L., & Wu, Y. (2021) · Journal of Psychology in Africa · doi:10.1080/14330237.2021.1978175 · Cited by 4
Emotional Expressivity is a Reliable Signal of Surprise
Lei, S., & Gratch, J. S. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing · doi:10.1109/taffc.2023.3234015 · Cited by 7
“Facial expressions are often described by static features (i.e., an expression is present or absent), but facial motion can be far more important for shaping observer’s impressions [36],[37].”
BackgroundA Dynamic Disadvantage? Social Perceptions of Dynamic Morphed Emotions Differ from Videos and Photos
Becker, C., Conduit, R., Chouinard, P. A., & Laycock, R. (2024) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10919-023-00448-3 · Cited by 7
“Expressions look more natural when features move independently (Curio et al., 2006 ), and people perceive such naturalistic motion in avatar expressions as more intense, genuine, typical, and trustworthy (Krumhuber et al., 2007 ; Wallraven et al., 2008).”
Le bon dieu est dans le detail: Is smiling the recognition of happiness?
Dols, J. M. F., & Carrera, P. (2010) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x10001512 · Cited by 7
Bellou, V., & Gkorezis, P. (2016) · Human Performance · doi:10.1080/08959285.2016.1157597 · Cited by 7
An outgroup advantage in discriminating between genuine and posed smiles
Young, S. G. (2016) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2016.1270851 · Cited by 7
“Sincere smiles are relatively involuntary indicators of positive emotions and therefore honestly signal happiness and prosocial intent (Krumhuber et al., 2007; but see Krumhuber & Manstead, 2009).”
BackgroundInvesting in accents: How does experience mediate trust attributions to different voices?
Torre, I., Goslin, J., & White, L. (2015) · Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity) · doi:10.25405/ncl.34382358 · Cited by 7
Trustworthiness of a smile as a function of changes in the eye expression
Fernández-Martín, A., Álvarez-Plaza, P., Carqué, L., & Calvo, M. G. (2017) · Psicothema · doi:10.7334/psicothema2016.306 · Cited by 7
“…Sa+Ha, Di+Ha, An+Ha: surprised, neutral, fearful, sad, disgusted, or angry eyes (50% intensity), and a smiling mouth genuineness of a smile are signifi cantly related to trustworthiness (Krumhuber et al., 2007; Quadfl ieg et al., 2013), and predict actual trust behavior (Centorrino et al., 2015).”
InfluentialWhat in a Photo Makes You Trust a Person Online? A Structural Equation Modeling ApproachPreprint
Ert, E., & Fleischer, A. (2017) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2992043 · Cited by 7
“Physical facial characteristics found to be effective include attractiveness (Wang et al., 2010; Wilson & Eckel, 2006), smiling expression (Krumhuber et al., 2007; Scharlemann, Eckel, Kacelnik, & Wilson, 2001), and gender (Eckel & Wilson, 2003).”
der Biest, M. V., Verschooren, S., Verbruggen, F., & Braß, M. (2025) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104719 · Cited by 7
Emotion and its Management: The Lens of Language and Social Psychology
Gallois, C., Vanman, E. J., Kalokerinos, E. K., & Greenaway, K. H. (2020) · Journal of Language and Social Psychology · doi:10.1177/0261927x20966722 · Cited by 6
“Moreover, perceivers are more likely to attend to smile types, particularly in contexts involving trust (Centorrino et al., 2010; Krumhuber et al., 2007).”
BackgroundUnderstanding Emotional Labor Dynamics in Participant Sport Service: A Conceptual Framework
Lee, Y. H. (2023) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs13090771 · Cited by 11
“Inauthentic displays can lead to unfavorable judgments about the employee’s honesty, pleasantness, and likability [67,68], as well as trust and cooperation [69].”
Chengqing, X., Jiaying, X. U., Ma, D., & Liu, Y. (2021) · Acta Psychologica Sinica · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1041.2021.00919 · Cited by 7
The Emotional Moves of a Rational Actor: Smiles, Scowls, and Other Credible Messages
Reed, L. I., & DeScioli, P. (2017) · Games · doi:10.3390/g8020018 · Cited by 6
Effects of Smiling and Gender on Trust Toward a Recommendation Agent
Lui, S. M., & Hui, W. (2010) · International Conference on Cyberworlds (CW) · doi:10.1109/cw.2010.26 · Cited by 6
“Smiling individuals, regardless of whether the smile is genuine or fake, have an overall advantage over non-expressive individuals [21].”
BackgroundUsing novel methods to examine the role of mimicry in trust and rapport
Hale, J. (2017) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 6
Explaining the persistent influence of facial cues in social decision-makingPreprint
Jaeger, B., Evans, A. M., Stel, M., & van Beest, I. (2018) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/q4fxk · Cited by 6
Joshanloo, M., & Weijers, D. (2025) · New Ideas in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2025.101184 · Cited by 7
Alcohol Use Predicts Face Perception Impairments and Difficulties in Face Recognition
Lago, D. D., Burns, E. J., Gaunt, E., Peers, E., Jackson, R. C., & Wilcockson, T. D. W. (2023) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2023.2247059 · Cited by 6
The Influence of Emotional Visual Context on the Judgment of Face Trustworthiness
Wang, J., Lin, W., Xu, F., & Mo, L. (2020) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s269543 · Cited by 6
Trust and Personality Disorders
Lis, S., Biermann, M., & Unoka, Z. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108770880.023 · Cited by 7
Farolfi, F., Chang, L.-A., & Engelmann, J. B. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108770880.009 · Cited by 5
Contextual cues about reciprocity impact ratings of smile sincerity
Gagnon, M., Chérif, L., & Roy‐Charland, A. (2022) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2022.2090903 · Cited by 5
“Also, Krumhuber et al. (2007) provided evidence that certain dynamic features of smiles influence how much observers trust and are willing to cooperate with the smiler.”
BackgroundWu, R., Hamilton, A. F. D. C., & White, S. J. (2024) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2023.12.018 · Cited by 5
The Rovereto Emotion and Cooperation Corpus: a new resource to investigate cooperation and emotions
Cavicchio, F., & Poesio, M. (2011) · Language Resources and Evaluation · doi:10.1007/s10579-011-9163-y · Cited by 5
National security behavioral detection: a typography of strategies, costs, and benefits
Holmes, M. (2011) · Journal of Transportation Security · doi:10.1007/s12198-011-0076-1 · Cited by 5
“For a good review of the literature see Iacoboni 2009 .”
BackgroundPeople’s Biased Decisions to Trust and Cooperate with Agents that Express Emotions
de Melo, C. M., Carnevale, P. J. D., & Gratch, J. S. (2013) · Adaptive Agents and Multi-Agents Systems · Cited by 5
Your happy expressions encourage me to take risks: ERP evidence from an interpersonal gambling game
Yuan, H., Zheng, T., Chang, Y., Luo, Y., & Chen, X. (2021) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2021.108205 · Cited by 5
Exploring the Effects of Virtual Agents’ Smiles on Human-Agent Interaction: A Mixed-Methods Study
Torre, I., Tuncer, S., McDuff, D., & Czerwinski, M. (2021) · 2021 9th International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction (ACII) · doi:10.1109/acii52823.2021.9597445 · Cited by 5
Joshi, M. P., Lloyd, E. P., Diekman, A. B., & Hugenberg, K. (2022) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672221077801 · Cited by 6
“In investment games, trustworthy-faced individuals were more often selected as partners for risky scenarios and decisions to cooperate (Krumhuber et al., 2007).”
BackgroundNorms regulating emotional expressions relate to national level generalized trust.
Schug, J. R., Yoo, S. H., & Atreya, G. (2016) · Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1037/ebs0000068 · Cited by 5
4D Analysis of Facial Ageing Using Dynamic Features
Al-Meyah, K., Marshall, D., & Rosin, P. L. (2017) · Procedia Computer Science · doi:10.1016/j.procs.2017.08.037 · Cited by 5
“Krumhuber et al.(20,21) studied the effects of dynamic attributes of smiles in human and synthetic faces, and whether facial dynamics tell us something about the genuineness of an emotion.”
BackgroundSelf-citationLeader Charisma: An Embodiment Perspective
Reh, S., Giessner, S. R., & Quaquebeke, N. V. (2015) · Academy of Management Proceedings · doi:10.5465/ambpp.2015.18205abstract · Cited by 5
Handshaking Promotes Cooperative DealmakingPreprint
Schroeder, J., Risen, J. L., Francesca Gino, B., & Norton, M. I. (2014) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2443551 · Cited by 5
Hopfensitz, A., & Mantilla, C. (2023) · Journal of Economic Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.joep.2023.102660 · Cited by 4
On the role of vocal emotions in social decision-making
Caballero, J. A., & Ménez, M. (2019) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-019-00509-1 · Cited by 4
Stratou, G., Hoegen, R., Lucas, G., & Gratch, J. S. (2017) · International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction and workshops · doi:10.1109/acii.2017.8273650 · Cited by 4
“Studies have investigated aspects of the dynamics, such as smile duration and apex properties, finding that people not only perceive those differences, but also assign different social meaning [2].”
BackgroundOkubo, M., & Ishikawa, K. (2019) · Laterality Asymmetries of Body Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1080/1357650x.2019.1590381 · Cited by 4
“…fake smile hypothesis (Okubo et al., 2012, 2017, 2018) and agrees with the facilitative role of smiling in building trust (Centorrino et al., 2015; Krumhuber et al., 2007) and the relationship between positive emotions and facial trustworthiness (Engell et al., 2010; Oosterhof & Todorov, 2008,…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSpatio-Temporal Properties of Amused, Embarrassed, and Pained Smiles
Namba, S., Sato, W., & Matsui, H. (2022) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10919-022-00404-7 · Cited by 4
Cañadas, E., & Mast, M. S. (2017) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-017-9626-6 · Cited by 4
Tsankova, E. T., Vanman, E. J., & Kappas, A. (2018) · Journal of Trust Research · doi:10.1080/21515581.2018.1453824 · Cited by 4
“Another group of factors affecting trustworthiness perception relates to dynamic facial properties, such as expressions of emotion (Todorov, 2011) and the temporal characteristics with which the expression appears (e.g. Krumhuber et al., 2007).”
BackgroundSelf-citationContrasting Experimentally Device-Manipulated and Device-Free Smiles
Cross, M. P., Gheorma, L., & Pressman, S. D. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02297 · Cited by 6
Smile variation leaks personality and increases the accuracy of interpersonal judgments
Witkower, Z., Tian, L., Tracy, J. L., & Rule, N. O. (2024) · PNAS Nexus · doi:10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae343 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Krumhuber, E., Manstead, A. S. R., Cosker, D., Marshall, D., Rosin, P. L., & Kappas, A.
- Affiliations
- Cardiff University (GB)
- Constructor University (DE)
- Venue
- Emotion
- Published
- 2007
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 730-735
- ISSN
- 1528-3542 (ISSN-L)
- 1931-1516
- OpenAlex
- W1997851048
- Cited by
- 407
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 43 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 5.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Emotion (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies
- Keywords
- facial dynamics, trustworthiness, cooperation, trust game, facial expressions, social exchange, facial animation, interpersonal perception, trust decisions
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Cooperative Behavior, Decision Making, Facial Expression, Female, Humans, Male, Trust
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
