The DOI matches its Crossref record; 27 of the 27 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Facial dynamics as indicators of trustworthiness and cooperative behavior.
Abstract
Detecting cooperative partners in situations that have financial stakes is crucial to successful social exchange. The authors tested whether humans are sensitive to subtle facial dynamics of counterparts when deciding whether to trust and cooperate. Participants played a 2-person trust game before which the facial dynamics of the other player were manipulated using brief (<6 s) but highly realistic facial animations. Results showed that facial dynamics significantly influenced participants' (a) choice of with whom to play the game and (b) decisions to cooperate. It was also found that inferences about the other player's trustworthiness mediated these effects of facial dynamics on cooperative behavior.
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“Authentic smiles engender stronger inferences of trustworthiness and cooperativeness than fake smiles”
From The Social Effects of Emotions (2022) · cites this paper as Krumhuber et al. 2007
In the citing paper
“People also tend to feel less trust toward, and cooperate less with, interaction partners who exhibit inauthentic rather than authentic smiles (Krumhuber et al. 2007).”
From The Social Effects of Emotions (2022) · cites this paper as Krumhuber et al. 2007
In the citing paper
“For instance, across contexts and emotions, authentic emotional expressions tend to have more adaptive social consequences than inauthentic emotional expressions, because inauthentic expressions undermine observers' trust (Côté et al. 2013, Krumhuber et al. 2007).”
From The Social Effects of Emotions (2022) · cites this paper as Krumhuber et al. 2007
In the citing paper
“Facial gestures and physical traits also influence impressions [40], as do characteristics of the trustor [41], comments posted by friends, and personality traits of the trustee [42,43], which were not examined here.”
From Effects of Mock Facebook Workday Comments on Public Perception of Professional Credibility: A Field Study in Canada (2019) · cites this paper as [40]
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“People infer trustworthiness from faces quickly and with high consensus (Krumhuber et al., 2007; Willis & Todorov, 2006; Zebrowitz, Voinescu, & Collins, 1996).”
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Oosterhof, N. N., & Todorov, A. T. (2009) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0014520 · Cited by 344
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Self-citationReading people’s minds from emotion expressions in interdependent decision making.
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“…by self and other (Pruitt & Kimmel, 1977)–emotion displays can impact negotiation (e.g., Van Kleef, De Dreu, & Manstead, 2004, 2006), trust (e.g., Krumhuber et al., 2007), reactions to ultimatums (e.g., van Dijk, Van Kleef, Steinel, & Van Beest, 2008), cooperation in public goods dilemmas…”
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Thielmann, I., & Hilbig, B. E. (2015) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/gpr0000046 · Cited by 288
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Video-based emotion recognition in the wild using deep transfer learning and score fusion
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“, honesty), and cooperated more in a prisoner's dilemma and a trust game when others displayed authentic rather than inauthentic smiles (Johnston, Miles, & Macrae, 2010; Krumhuber et al., 2007).”
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“In one study participants felt more trust towards and cooperated more with a person who showed an authentic rather than an inauthentic smile (Krumhuber et al., 2007).”
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Jack, R. E., & Schyns, P. G. (2017) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010416-044242 · Cited by 175
Why are you smiling at me? Social functions of enjoyment and non‐enjoyment smiles
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“The use of smile type as an organizing feature was greater when issues of trust or cooperation were made salient through experimental instructions, consistent with the proposal that smile type is a reliable marker of trustworthiness (Krumhuber et al., 2007; Owren & Bachorowski, 2001).”
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Beyond smile dynamics: Mimicry and beliefs in judgments of smiles.
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“All stimuli started at a neutral position for 10 frames and then changed in one of the two onset durations, to a smiling face at a target intensity of 0.8 (see Krumhuber et al., 2007, for details).”
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Smiles as Multipurpose Social Signals
Martin, J., Rychlowska, M., Wood, A., & Niedenthal, P. (2017) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2017.08.007 · Cited by 187
Seeing is believing? Executives' facial trustworthiness, auditor tenure, and audit fees
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“For example, facial emotional expressions, especially smiling, may influence facial trustworthiness (Eckel and Wilson, 1998; Ethier-Majcher et al., 2013; Krumhuber et al., 2007; Scharlemann et al., 2001).”
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“Findings in social psychology suggest that inauthentic displays are associated with less favorable judgments regarding the person’s honesty, pleasantness, and likeability (Frank, Ekman, & Friesen, 1993; Surakka & Hietanen, 1998), as well as trust and cooperation (Krumhuber et al., 2007).”
BackgroundThe role of facial movements in emotion recognition
Krumhuber, E. G., Skora, L. I., Hill, H. C. H., & Lander, K. (2023) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-023-00172-1 · Cited by 171
“…a differentiation between posed and spontaneous expressions (Hess & Kleck, 1994; Ambadar, Cohn, & Reed, 2009), with shorter onset and offset timings leading to less positive evaluations (Hoffmann et al., 2010; Sato & Yoshikawa, 2004; Krumhuber & Kappas, 2005; Krumhuber et al., 2007a, 2007b, 2009).”
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“…many researchers looking for such signals in humans have focused on involuntary facial expressions of emotion (Boone & Buck 2003; Brown & Moore, 2002; Frank 1988; Krumhuber et al., 2007; Mehu, Little, & Dunbar, 2007; Oda et al., 2009; Trivers 1971; Scharlemann, Eckel, Kacelnik & Wilson, 2001).”
BackgroundTwo signals of social rank: Prestige and dominance are associated with distinct nonverbal displays.
Witkower, Z., Tracy, J. L., Cheng, J. T., & Henrich, J. (2019) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspi0000181 · Cited by 137
“Smiling has been shown to increase perceptions of warmth and liking (Bayes, 1972; Gifford, 1994; Guerrero, 2005; Krumhuber et al., 2007; Lau, 1982), and is used to convey closeness among interactants (Mehrabian, 1971; Martin, Rychlowska, Wood, & Niedenthal, 2017).”
Blocking Mimicry Makes True and False Smiles Look the Same
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Moving the self and others to do good: The emotional underpinnings of prosocial behavior
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Temporal dynamics of trustworthiness perception
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A Decision-Making Perspective to Negotiation: A Review of the Past and a Look to the Future
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If your device could smile: People trust happy-sounding artificial agents more
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“Previous work using cooperative games with Duchenne and non-Duchenne (facial) smiles have shown that people made the same decisions regardless of the type of smile (Krumhuber et al., 2007; Reed et al., 2012).”
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de Melo, C. M., Gratch, J. S., & Carnevale, P. J. D. (2014) · IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing · doi:10.1109/taffc.2014.2332471 · Cited by 78
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“Facial expressions, for example, can influence trust (Boone & Buck, 2003; Ekman, 1993; Keltner & Haidt, 1999; Krumhuber et al., 2007; Scharlemann, Eckel, Kacelnik, & Wilson, 2001) and change immediate social attributions in trust-related contexts (Antonakis & Delgas, 2009; Ballew & Todorov, 2007; Eberhardt, Davies, Pu…”
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“…orientation of a society or community in which individuals intend to trust strangers or unfamiliar people (Delhey & Newton, 2005), while particularized trust refers to the trust based on all sorts of specific cues or ties (Wilson & Eckel, 2006; Bohnet & Baytelman, 2007; Krumhuber et al, 2007).”
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Mask exposure during COVID-19 changes emotional face processing
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“An increased role for context (Bourgeois & Hess, 2008) and temporal dynamics in interpreting smiles has been recognized (Hess & Kleck, 1990; Krumhuber et al., 2007); these factors may be even more important in ascertaining decisions of authenticity in laughter where temporal dynamics have been shown to have an importa…”
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de Melo, C. M., & Gratch, J. S. (2009) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-04380-2_23 · Cited by 49
“For instance, it has been shown that subtle variations in facial dynamics can have an impact on how much people are willing to trust and cooperate with a person [31].”
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Not all smiles are created equal
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Facial Skin Smoothness as an Indicator of Perceived Trustworthiness and Related Traits
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“Further, facial expressions signal complex action tendencies including threat and cooperative intent [1–3].”
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Dzhelyova, M. P., Ellison, A., & Atkinson, A. P. (2011) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2011.21604 · Cited by 46
Christian religious badges instill trust in Christian and non-Christian perceivers.
McCullough, M. E., Swartwout, P., Shaver, J. H., Carter, E. C., & Sosis, R. H. (2015) · Psychology of Religion and Spirituality · doi:10.1037/rel0000045 · Cited by 51
The power of pupil size in establishing trust and reciprocity.
Kret, M. E., & De Dreu, C. K. W. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/xge0000508 · Cited by 44
Females Are More Sensitive to Opponent’s Emotional Feedback: Evidence From Event-Related Potentials
Chen, X., Yuan, H., Zheng, T., Chang, Y., & Luo, Y. (2018) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2018.00275 · Cited by 51
“, 2004), cooperation (Krumhuber et al., 2007), and prosocial behaviors (van Doorn et al.”
BackgroundThe Influence of Emotions in Embodied Agents on Human Decision-Making
de Melo, C. M., Carnevale, P. J. D., & Gratch, J. S. (2010) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-15892-6_38 · Cited by 44
“People’s decisions in games such as the prisoner’s dilemma depend on inferences about the other player’s propensity to cooperate, and emotional displays play a central role in such inferences, at least between human players [12].”
BackgroundTrust-Oriented Partner Selection in D2D Cooperative Communications
Yan, J., Wu, D., Sanyal, S., & Wang, R. (2017) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2017.2671404 · Cited by 43
“some psychological researches show that the psychology structure of users can be divided into three aspects: cognition, emotion and behavior [28].”
BackgroundLeader pride and gratitude differentially impact follower trust
Ritzenhöfer, L., Brosi, P., Spörrle, M., & Welpe, I. M. (2017) · Journal of Managerial Psychology · doi:10.1108/jmp-08-2016-0235 · Cited by 46
Predictive gaze cues affect face evaluations: the effect of facial emotion
Bayliss, A. P., Griffiths, D., & Tipper, S. P. (2009) · European Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/09541440802553490 · Cited by 42
“For example, manipulating the temporal dynamics of a smile can influence trustworthiness ratings of faces such that ‘‘fake’’ smiles cause reductions in perceived trustworthiness, despite other physical aspects of the smiles being kept constant (Krumhuber et al., 2007).”
Mapping the Repertoire of Emotions and Their Communicative Functions in Face-to-face Diplomacy
Wong, S. S. (2018) · International Studies Review · doi:10.1093/isr/viy079 · Cited by 43
Kausel, E. E., & Connolly, T. (2014) · Journal of Economic Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.joep.2014.02.002 · Cited by 43
Gobron, S., Ahn, J.-H., Paltoglou, G., Thelwall, M. A., & Thalmann, D. (2010) · The Visual Computer · doi:10.1007/s00371-010-0446-x · Cited by 41
“While dynamics plays an important part in getting arousal across, it is linked to other constructs such as how genuine an emotions is, or how trustworthy a person is [22].”
BackgroundTrust me (or not): Regret and disappointment in experimental economic games.
Martinez, L. F., & Zeelenberg, M. (2014) · Decision · doi:10.1037/dec0000025 · Cited by 41
Neurocultural evidence that ideal affect match promotes giving
Park, B., Blevins, E., Knutson, B. D., & Tsai, J. L. (2017) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsx047 · Cited by 45
“…although previous studies indicate that people give more to smiling than non-smiling recipients (Tidd and Lockard, 1978; Scharlemann et al., 2001; Krumhuber et al., 2007; Genevsky et al., 2013; Tortosa et al., 2013), research has not distinguished among different positive expressions (e.g.,…”
BackgroundFriesen, J. P., Kawakami, K., Vingilis‐Jaremko, L., Caprara, R., Sidhu, D. M., Williams, A., Hugenberg, K., Rodríguez‐Bailón, R., Cañadas, E., & Niedenthal, P. M. (2019) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspa0000139 · Cited by 49
Chen, C., Hensel, L. B., Duan, Y., Ince, R. A. A., Garrod, O. G. B., Beskow, J., Jack, R. E., & Schyns, P. G. (2019) · 2019 14th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face & Gesture Recognition (FG 2019) · doi:10.1109/fg.2019.8756570 · Cited by 41
“A further limitation of these standardized facial expressions of emotion is that they are static and therefore do not represent the naturalistic dynamics of human facial expressions [39].”
BackgroundDynamic properties of successful smiles
Helwig, N. E., Sohre, N. E., Ruprecht, M. R., Guy, S. J., & Lyford-Pike, S. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0179708 · Cited by 39
Parallel Processing of Facial Expression and Head Orientation in the Macaque Brain
Taubert, J., JAPEE, S. A., Murphy, A. P., Tardiff, C. T., Koele, E., Kumar, S., Leopold, D. A., & Ungerleider, L. G. (2020) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0524-20.2020 · Cited by 39
“For example, humans are able to detect and respond to very subtle movements of facial muscles that convey complex thoughts and intentions (Ekman, 1992; Adolphs et al., 1998; Krumhuber et al., 2007; Oosterhof and Todorov, 2009).”
BackgroundA Fake Smile Thwarts Cheater Detection
Okubo, M., Kobayashi, A., & Ishikawa, K. (2012) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10919-012-0134-9 · Cited by 39
The effect of avatar facial expressions on trust building in social virtual reality
Luo, L., Weng, D., Ding, N., Hao, J., & Tu, Z. (2022) · The Visual Computer · doi:10.1007/s00371-022-02700-1 · Cited by 37
“Based on the previous research on facial expressions and trust games [6,7,34,35], we used three facial expression conditions:positive,neutral,andnegative.”
BackgroundMethodSensitivity to Perceived Facial Trustworthiness Is Increased by Activating Self-Protection Motives
Young, S. G., Slepian, M. L., & Sacco, D. F. (2015) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550615573329 · Cited by 37
“In fact, faces displaying false smile are perceived as less cooperative and trustworthy than those expressing genuine smiles (Krumhuber et al., 2007) and false smiles are often displayed to hide deception (Biland, Py, Allione, Demarchi, & Abric, 2008).”
BackgroundSilva, R. R., & Topolinski, S. (2018) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.21088 · Cited by 37
Trust me: multimodal signals of trustworthiness
Lucas, G., Stratou, G., Lieblich, S., & Gratch, J. S. (2016) · INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MULTIMODAL INTERACTION · doi:10.1145/2993148.2993178 · Cited by 36
“The latter type usually co-occurs with mouth control action units [25].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCan people detect the trustworthiness of strangers based on their facial appearance?
Jaeger, B., Oud, B., Williams, T., Krumhuber, E. G., Fehr, E., & Engelmann, J. B. (2022) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2022.04.004 · Cited by 47
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Krumhuber, E., Manstead, A. S. R., Cosker, D., Marshall, D., Rosin, P. L., & Kappas, A.
- Affiliations
- Cardiff University (GB)
- Constructor University (DE)
- Venue
- Emotion
- Published
- 2007
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 730-735
- ISSN
- 1528-3542 (ISSN-L)
- 1931-1516
- OpenAlex
- W1997851048
- Cited by
- 407
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 43 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 5.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Emotion (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies
- Keywords
- facial dynamics, trustworthiness, cooperation, trust game, facial expressions, social exchange, facial animation, interpersonal perception, trust decisions
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Cooperative Behavior, Decision Making, Facial Expression, Female, Humans, Male, Trust
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