Playing chess unconsciously.
Abstract
Expertise in a certain stimulus domain enhances perceptual capabilities. In the present article, the authors investigate whether expertise improves perceptual processing to an extent that allows complex visual stimuli to bias behavior unconsciously. Expert chess players judged whether a target chess configuration entailed a checking configuration. These displays were preceded by masked prime configurations that either represented a checking or a nonchecking configuration. Chess experts, but not novice chess players, revealed a subliminal response priming effect, that is, faster responding when prime and target displays were congruent (both checking or both nonchecking) rather than incongruent. Priming generalized to displays that were not used as targets, ruling out simple repetition priming effects. Thus, chess experts were able to judge unconsciously presented chess configurations as checking or nonchecking. A 2nd experiment demonstrated that experts' priming does not occur for simpler but uncommon chess configurations. The authors conclude that long-term practice prompts the acquisition of visual memories of chess configurations with integrated form-location conjunctions. These perceptual chunks enable complex visual processing outside of conscious awareness.
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Expert chess players can analyse chess situations without consciousness.
“and expert chess players can analyse chess situations without consciousness (Kiesel et al., 2009).”
From Hard criteria for empirical theories of consciousness (2021) · cites this paper as Kiesel et al., 2009
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Merim Bilalić, A. (2013) · eScholarship (California Digital Library)
Siebtes Erfolgsprinzip: Hören Sie bei schwierigen Entscheidungen auf Ihre Intuition
Gupta, M. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-11452-7_10
IMPACT OF CHESS LEARNING ON PROCESSING SPEED OF SCHOOL-GOING CHILDREN
Joseph, E., Easvaradoss, V., Chandran, D., Jain, S., & Paul, A. (2018) · Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal · doi:10.14738/assrj.56.4797
The Neural Underpinnings of Expertise in Games
Merim Bilalić, A., Conci, A., Graf, M., & Vaci, N. (2017) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315113371-11
Hábito lector como factor protector de la memori= Reading habit as a protective factor for memory /
Rodríguez, C. I. (2013) · Edupsykhé Revista de Psicología y Educación · doi:10.57087/edupsykhe.v12i2.3880 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Memory and Other Cognitive Processes
Slotnick, S. D. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316026687.009
Brain Timing Associated with Long-Term Memory
Slotnick, S. D. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316026687.005
Slotnick, S. D. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316026687.012
Slotnick, S. D. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316026687.010
The Relationship between Decision Making Ability and Implicit Pattern-Perception in Soccer Players
Murakawa, D., Ikudome, S., Takai, Y., Ogasa, K., Mori, S., & Nakamoto, H. (2020) · Japanese Journal of Sport Psychology · doi:10.4146/jjspopsy.2020-1908
Mining Program Properties From Neural Networks Trained on Source Code EmbeddingsPreprint
Saletta, M., & Ferretti, C. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2103.05442
Brain Regions Associated with Long-Term Memory
Slotnick, S. D. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316026687.004
Slotnick, S. D. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316026687.006
Percepción: pasividad y actividad
Pinilla, O., & Andrés, C. (2012) · Repositorio Institucional UN - Biblioteca Digital
The Place of Expert Intuition in Philosophy
Chudnoff, E. (2020) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198863021.003.0008
- Authors
- Kiesel, A., Kunde, W., Pohl, C., Berner, M. P., & Hoffmann, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Würzburg (DE)
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
- Published
- 2009
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 292-298
- ISSN
- 0278-7393 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1285
- OpenAlex
- W2169505082
- Cited by
- 120
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 12.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (HO 1301/10-1; KI 1388/1-2; Ku 1964/1-1)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Keywords
- chess expertise, unconscious priming, subliminal perception, visual memory, perceptual expertise, long-term practice
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Analysis of Variance, Discrimination, Psychological, Humans, Middle Aged, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Photic Stimulation, Play and Playthings, Professional Competence, Reaction Time, Unconscious, Psychology, Recognition, Psychology, Young Adult
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