Language-based measures of mindfulness: Initial validity and clinical utility.
Open accessAbstract
This study examined relationships among language use, mindfulness, and substance-use treatment outcomes in the context of an efficacy trial of mindfulness-based relapse prevention (MBRP) for adults with alcohol and other drug use (AOD) disorders. An expert panel generated two categories of mindfulness language (ML) describing the mindfulness state and the more encompassing "mindfulness journey," which included words describing challenges of developing a mindfulness practice. MBRP participants (n = 48) completed baseline sociodemographic and AOD measures, and participated in the 8-week MBRP program. AOD data were collected during the 4-month follow-up. A word count program assessed the frequency of ML and other linguistic markers in participants' responses to open-ended questions about their postintervention impressions of mindfulness practice and MBRP. Findings supported concurrent validity of ML categories: ML words appeared more frequently in the MBRP manual compared to the 12-step Big Book. Further, ML categories correlated with other linguistic variables related to the mindfulness construct. Finally, predictive validity was supported: greater use of ML predicted fewer AOD use days during the 4-month follow-up. This study provided initial support for ML as a valid, clinically useful mindfulness measure. If future studies replicate these findings, ML could be used in conjunction with self-report to provide a more complete picture of the mindfulness experience.
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Mindfulness state words were linked to the use of affect and body-related words.
“Results suggest that mindfulness state words were linked to the use of affect and body-related words, aligning with the emphasis on increasing awareness in mindfulness practices (Collins et al., 2009).”
From Mapping mindfulness in psychotherapy: a scoping review on conceptualization, applications, and research directions (2026) · cites this paper as Collins et al., 2009
In a trial of MBRP for adults with substance use disorders, two categories of mindfulness language were identified: the state of mindfulness and the broader mindfulness journey.
“Another study has examined change in mindfulness through a trial of MBRP for adults with substance use disorders, where two categories of mindfulness language (ML) were identified, encompassing the state of mindfulness and the broader mindfulness journey.”
From Mapping mindfulness in psychotherapy: a scoping review on conceptualization, applications, and research directions (2026) · cites this paper as Collins et al., 2009
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- Authors
- Collins, S. E., Chawla, N., Hsu, S. H., Grow, J., Otto, J. M., & Marlatt, G. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- Venue
- Psychology of Addictive Behaviors
- Published
- 2009-12
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 743-749
- ISSN
- 0893-164X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1501
- PMC
- PMC2799300
- OpenAlex
- W2034580143
- Cited by
- 58
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 1.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychology of Addictive Behaviors (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R21 DA010562)
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (T32AA007455)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Opioid Use Disorder Treatment
- Keywords
- mindfulness, mindfulness-based relapse prevention, alcoholism, substance use treatment outcomes, concurrent validity, predictive validity, linguistic markers, mindfulness practice, word count analysis
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Attention, Female, Humans, Language, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Reproducibility of Results, Treatment Outcome, Mind-Body Relations, Metaphysical, Substance-Related Disorders, Secondary Prevention
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