Trauma and PTSD symptoms: Does spiritual struggle mediate the link?

Wortmann, Jennifer H.; Park, Crystal L.; Edmondson, Donald

doi:10.1037/a0021413

Cited by 93Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchReligion, Spirituality, and PsychologyPsychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research

Trauma and PTSD symptoms: Does spiritual struggle mediate the link?

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Wortmann, Jennifer H., Park, Crystal L., Edmondson, Donald·2011·Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy

DOI 10.1037/a0021413PMC PMC3269830

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Abstract

Because exposure to potentially traumatic events is common (Kessler, Sonnega, Bromet, & Hughes, 1995), the mechanisms through which post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms develop is a critical area of investigation (Ozer, Best, Lipsey, & Weiss, 2003). Among the mechanisms that may predict PTSD symptoms is spiritual struggle, a set of negative religious cognitions related to understanding or responding to stressful events. Although prominent theories emphasize cognitive factors in the development and maintenance of PTSD symptoms, they have not explicitly addressed spiritual struggle. The present prospective study tested the role of spiritual struggle in the development and maintenance of PTSD symptoms following trauma. We assessed exposure to trauma and non-trauma events during the first year of college, spiritual struggle due to the most stressful event, and PTSD symptoms resulting from the index event. Spiritual struggle partially mediated the relationship between trauma and PTSD symptoms. Interestingly, some individual subscales of spiritual struggle (specifically, Punishing God Reappraisal, Reappraisal of God's Powers, and Spiritual Discontent) partially mediated the relationship between trauma and PTSD symptoms; however, reappraisal of the event to evil forces did not relate to PTSD symptoms. These results suggest that spiritual struggle is an important cognitive mechanism for many trauma victims and may have relevance for cognitive therapy for PTSD.

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Spirituality contributes to meaning-making, a central process in trauma recovery.
“Across these diverse pathways, spirituality contributes to meaning-making, a central process in trauma recovery (Wortmann et al., 2011).”
From From use to abuse: psychological, neurobiological, and spiritual pathways in relational harm and recovery (2026) · cites this paper as Wortmann et al., 2011

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Authors: Wortmann, J. H., Park, C. L., & Edmondson, D.
Affiliations: University of Connecticut (US)
Columbia University Irving Medical Center (US)
ORCID: Wortmann, Jennifer H.
Park, Crystal L.
Edmondson, Donald
Venue: Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2011
Volume: 3
Issue: 4
Pages: 442-452
ISSN: 1942-9681 (ISSN-L)
1942-969X
DOI: 10.1037/a0021413
PMC: PMC3269830
OpenAlex: W2054902298
Cited by: 93
References: 65
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 6 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 3
FWCI: 5.87
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Columbia Academic Commons (Columbia University)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (UL1 RR024156)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
Keywords: post-traumatic stress disorder, spiritual struggle, religious cognition, mediation, trauma exposure, university students

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