Correlates of post-traumatic stress symptoms and growth in cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis: Correlates of PTSS and PTG

Shand, Lyndel K.; Cowlishaw, Sean; Brooker, Joanne E.; Burney, Sue; Ricciardelli, Lina A.

doi:10.1002/pon.3719

Cited by 281Cancer survivorship and carePosttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchReligion, Spirituality, and Psychology

Correlates of post-traumatic stress symptoms and growth in cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis: Correlates of PTSS and PTG

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Shand, Lyndel K., Cowlishaw, Sean, Brooker, Joanne E., Burney, Sue, Ricciardelli, Lina A.·2015·Psycho-Oncology

DOI 10.1002/pon.3719

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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to examine the relationships among demographic, medical, and psychosocial factors and post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and post-traumatic growth (PTG) in oncology populations. METHOD: A systematic search identified k = 116 relevant studies published between 1990 and 2012. Meta-analyses synthesized results from studies that reported data on correlates of PTSS (k = 26) or PTG (k = 48). A meta-analysis was performed for k = 5 studies reporting the correlation between PTSS and PTG. RESULTS: Post-traumatic stress symptoms were associated with depression (r = 0.56), anxiety (r = 0.65), distress (r = 0.62), social support (r = -0.33), and physical quality of life (r = -0.44). PTG was associated with age (r = -0.08), gender (r = -0.15), distress (r = -0.16), depression (r = -0.06), social support (r = 0.30), optimism (r = 0.27), positive reappraisal (r = 0.46), spirituality (r = 0.33), and religious coping (r = 0.36). There was a small positive relationship between PTSS and PTG (r = 0.13). CONCLUSIONS: Post-traumatic stress symptoms and PTG appear to be independent constructs, rather than opposite ends of a single dimension. This is reflected in a small relationship between these variables and different psychosocial correlates. PTSS were strongly associated with variables reflecting a general state of negative affect. Optimism, spirituality, and positive coping styles were associated with PTG. It remains unclear how they are associated with PTSS, given the lack of relevant studies. Longitudinal research is required to examine how psychosocial factors influence the relationship between PTSS and PTG.

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Posttraumatic growth inversely correlates with depression and psychological distress among cancer patients.
“PTG is important and should be emphasized as a positive psychological characteristic among cancer patients because it inversely correlates with depression and psychological distress [14, 15].”
From Acceptance and commitment therapy versus mindfulness-based stress reduction for newly diagnosed head and neck cancer patients: A randomized controlled trial assessing efficacy for positive psychology, depression, anxiety, and quality of life (2022) · cites this paper as [14]
According to Shand et al.'s meta-analysis, psychological growth following HSCT should be positively related to optimism and negatively related to poor mental health.
“According to the meta-analysis of Shand et al. [18], psychological growth following HSCT should be positively related to optimism and negatively related to poor mental health.”
From Retrospective and prospective measures of post-traumatic growth reflect different processes: longitudinal evidence of greater decline than growth following a hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (2021) · cites this paper as [18]
Shand et al.'s meta-analysis found a small positive relationship between PTSD and post-traumatic growth in cancer patients (r = 0.13).
“In their meta-analysis, Shand et al. [18] found a small and positive relationship between PTSD and post-traumatic growth in cancer patients (i.e. r = 0.13).”
From Retrospective and prospective measures of post-traumatic growth reflect different processes: longitudinal evidence of greater decline than growth following a hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (2021) · cites this paper as [18]
Growth assessed by PTGI is mainly related to positive thoughts and feelings such as happiness and a personality trait (extraversion), whereas growth measured prospectively is only predicted by acceptance.
“If growth assessed by PTGI is mainly related to positive thoughts and feelings such as happiness [18] and a personality trait (i.e. extraversion [23];), then growth measured prospectively is, however, only predicted by a characteristic of psychological flexibility, namely acceptance.”
From Retrospective and prospective measures of post-traumatic growth reflect different processes: longitudinal evidence of greater decline than growth following a hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (2021) · cites this paper as [18]

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Liu, Z., Doege, D., Thong, M. S. Y., & Arndt, V. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.044 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Social support and posttraumatic growth: A meta-analysis
Ning, J., Tang, X., Shi, H., Yao, D., Zhao, Z., & Li, J. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.09.114 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Self-reported PTSD symptoms and social support in U.S. military service members and veterans: a meta-analysis
Blais, R. K., Tirone, V., Orlowska, D., Lofgreen, A., Klassen, B., Held, P., Stevens, N., & Zalta, A. K. (2021) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2020.1851078 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
“…factor for the presence of a PTSD diagnosis or higher PTSD symptoms (i.e., Brewin, Andrews, & Valentine, 2000; Ozer, Best, Lipsey, & Weiss, 2003; Shand, Cowlishaw, Brooker, Burney, & Ricciardelli, 2015; Wright, Kelsall, Sim, Clarke, & Creamer, 2013; Xue et al., 2015; Zalta et al., 2020), and…”
Post-traumatic growth after cancer: a scoping review of qualitative research
Menger, F., Halim, N. A. M., Rimmer, B., & Sharp, L. (2021) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-021-06253-2 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“More consistent positive relationships with social support and resilience have been reported [9, 14] and PTG is positively associated with health-related quality of life [15].”
Background
Meaning in life, meaning-making and posttraumatic growth in cancer patients: systematic review and meta-analysis.
Almeida, M., Ramos, C., Maciel, L., Basto-Pereira, M., & Leal, I. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.995981 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Cognitive biases in perceptions of posttraumatic growth: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Gower, T., Pham, J., Jouriles, E. N., Rosenfield, D., & Bowen, H. J. (2022) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102159 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Correlates of post‐traumatic growth following childhood and adolescent cancer: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Turner, J. K., Hutchinson, A. D., & Wilson, C. J. (2017) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.4577 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Optimism’s Explicative Role for Chronic Diseases
Avvenuti, G., Baiardini, I., & Giardini, A. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00295 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“Still, a recent meta-analysis showed that post-traumatic growth, intended as positive psychological changes occurring after a trauma, is related with optimism and positive coping strategies (i.e., positive reappraisal, religious coping, seeking social support; Shand et al., 2015).”
BackgroundInfluential
Resilience as a mediator in the relationship between posttraumatic stress and posttraumatic growth among adult accident or crime victims: the moderated mediating effect of childhood trauma
Lee, D. Y., Yu, E., & Kim, N. H. (2020) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2019.1704563 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Posttraumatic Growth in Breast Cancer Survivors: Constructive and Illusory Aspects
Pat‐Horenczyk, R., Perry, S., Hamama‐Raz, Y., Ziv, Y., Schramm‐Yavin, S., & Stemmer, S. M. (2015) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22014 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Posttraumatic growth in head and neck cancer survivors: is it possible and what are the correlates?
Sharp, L., Redfearn, D., Timmons, A., Balfe, M., & Patterson, J. (2018) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.4682 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“Accumulating research indicates PTGmay occur among cancer survivors.(7,8) In HNC, one qualitative study suggested most survivors may experience positive changes, including changed attitudes towards life, re‐ranking of priorities, greater engagement in activities, personal growth (including being more appreciative and…”
BackgroundResult
Perceived Stress as a Mediator Between Social Support and Posttraumatic Growth Among Chinese American Breast Cancer Survivors
Yeung, N. C. Y., & Lü, Q. (2016) · Cancer Nursing · doi:10.1097/ncc.0000000000000422 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“There are also discussions about the differentiation between PTG as an outcome and PTG as a positive illusionary coping strategy (which may not reflect positive changes in all aspects)(1,3); however, a few meta-analyses have found that PTG and other coping variables (eg, coping resources and strategies) are correlated…”
Grief and Post-traumatic Growth Following Miscarriage: The Role of Meaning Reconstruction and Partner Supportive Communication
Tian, X., & Solomon, D. H. (2018) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2018.1539051 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Prevalence of benefit finding and posttraumatic growth in long-term cancer survivors: results from a multi-regional population-based survey in Germany
Liu, Z., Thong, M. S. Y., Doege, D., Koch‐Gallenkamp, L., Bertram, H., Eberle, A., Holleczek, B., Waldmann, A., Zeißig, S. R., Pritzkuleit, R., et al. (2021) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/s41416-021-01473-z · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Post‐traumatic stress symptoms in long‐term disease‐free cancer survivors and their family caregivers
Padova, S. D., Grassi, L. G., Vagheggini, A., Murri, M. B., Folesani, F., Rossi, L., Farolfi, A., Bertelli, T., Passardi, A., Berardi, M. A., et al. (2021) · Cancer Medicine · doi:10.1002/cam4.3961 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Structural equation modeling of the relationship between posttraumatic growth and psychosocial factors in women with breast cancer
Tomita, M., Takahashi, M., Tagaya, N., Kakuta, M., Kai, I., & Muto, T. (2016) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.4298 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“As for the relationship with PTG, previous studies revealed that perceived social support contributes to increased PTG(11,18) and seeking social support was directly related to PTG.(15,22) Coping strategies are also important for PTG.”
Result
Acceptance and commitment therapy versus mindfulness-based stress reduction for newly diagnosed head and neck cancer patients: A randomized controlled trial assessing efficacy for positive psychology, depression, anxiety, and quality of life
Zhang, Z., Leong Bin Abdullah, M. F. I., Shari, N. I., & Lu, P. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0267887 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“PTG is important and should be emphasized as a positive psychological characteristic among cancer patients because it inversely correlates with depression and psychological distress [14, 15].”
Background
A meta‐analysis of the association between event‐related rumination and posttraumatic growth: The Event‐Related Rumination Inventory and the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory
Allen, N., Hevey, D., Cogley, C., & O’Keeffe, F. M. (2022) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22875 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Evaluation of coping as a mediator of the relationship between stressful life events and cancer-related distress.
Langford, D. J., Cooper, B. A., Paul, S. M., Humphreys, J. C., Keagy, C. D., Conley, Y. P., Hammer, M. J., Levine, J. D., Wright, F., Melisko, M., et al. (2017) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000524 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“…of a stressful or traumatic event, often referred to as “posttraumatic growth” or “benefit finding” (Barskova & Oesterreich, 2009; Cordova & Andrykowski, 2003; Danhauer et al., 2013; Helgeson, Reynolds, & Tomich, 2006; Morris & Shakespeare-Finch, 2011; Shand et al., 2015; Tomich & Helgeson, 2004).”
Association of personality profiles with coping and adjustment to cancer among patients undergoing chemotherapy
Langford, D. J., Morgan, S. B., Cooper, B. A., Paul, S. M., Kober, K. M., Wright, F., Hammer, M. J., Conley, Y. P., Levine, J. D., Miaskowski, C. A., et al. (2020) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.5377 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“The ability to cope effectively with a cancer diagnosis and associated treatments can positively impact psychological outcomes.(1) Moreover, effective stress management may mitigate stress-related immune dysregulation that can promote disease progression.”
Background
Coping and rumination as predictors of posttraumatic growth and depreciation
Platte, S., Wiesmann, U., Tedeschi, R. G., & Kehl, D. (2022) · Chinese Journal of Traumatology · doi:10.1016/j.cjtee.2022.02.001 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Mixed Psychological Changes Following Mastectomy: Unique Predictors and Heterogeneity of Post-traumatic Growth and Post-traumatic Depreciation
Kroemeke, A., Bargiel-Matusiewicz, K., & Kalamarz, M. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01245 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Social support constitutes another important factor as far as positive and negative psychological changes in cancer patients are concerned (Shand et al., 2015).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Posttraumatic growth as a process and an outcome: Vexing problems and paradoxes seen from the perspective of humanistic psychology.
Joseph, S. (2019) · The Humanistic Psychologist · doi:10.1037/hum0000156 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Association of Posttraumatic Growth and Illness‐Related Burden With Psychosocial Factors of Patient, Family, and Provider in Pediatric Cancer Survivors
Wilson, J. Z., Marin, D., Maxwell, K. E., Cumming, J., Berger, R., Saini, S., Ferguson, W. S., & Chibnall, J. T. (2016) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22123 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Are we missing PTSD in our patients with cancer? Part I.
Leano, A., Korman, M. B., Goldberg, L., & Ellis, J. (2019) · PubMed Central · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Predicting Posttraumatic Growth among Firefighters: The Role of Deliberate Rumination and Problem-Focused Coping
Yang, S.-K., & Ha, Y. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16203879 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self‐distancing promotes positive emotional change after adversity: Evidence from a micro‐longitudinal field experiment
Dorfman, A., Oakes, H., Santos, H. C., & Grossmann, I. (2019) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12534 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
A Meta-analytic Review of the Relationship Between Posttraumatic Growth, Anxiety, and Depression
Long, L. J., Phillips, C. A., Glover, N., Richardson, A. L., D’Souza, J. M., Cunningham-Erdogdu, P., & Gallagher, M. W. (2021) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-021-00370-9 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Coping and posttraumatic growth: A longitudinal comparison of two alternative views.
Kunz, S., Joseph, S., Geyh, S., & Peter, C. (2018) · Rehabilitation Psychology · doi:10.1037/rep0000205 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Finding meaning in suffering?-Meaning making and psychological adjustment over the course of a breast cancer disease
Loeffler, S. N., Poehlmann, K. M., & Hornemann, B. (2018) · European Journal of Cancer Care · doi:10.1111/ecc.12841 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Post-traumatic growth in cancer survivors: What is its extent and what are important determinants?
Blickle, P., Schmidt, M. E., & Steindorf, K. (2023) · International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2023.100418 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Studies showed that e.g. social support and positive appraisal are important factors in the development of PTG (Lelorain et al., 2012; Shand et al., 2015).”
Background
Strengths and resources used by Australian and Danish adult patients and their family caregivers during treatment for cancer.
Coyne, E., Dieperink, K., Østergaard, B., & Creedy, D. (2017) · European Journal of Oncology Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.ejon.2017.05.005 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Examining posttraumatic growth and mental health difficulties in the aftermath of Hurricane Sandy.
Schneider, S., Rasul, R., Liu, B., Corry, D. T., Lieberman‐Cribbin, W., Watson, A. R., Kerath, S. M., Taioli, E., & Schwartz, R. M. (2018) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000400 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
The role of positive and negative religious/spiritual coping in women’s adjustment to breast cancer: A longitudinal study
Gall, T. L., & Bilodeau, C. (2019) · Journal of Psychosocial Oncology · doi:10.1080/07347332.2019.1641581 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Depression, Anxiety and Post-traumatic Growth Among Bereaved Adults: A Latent Class Analysis
Li, J., Sun, Y., Maccallum, F., & Chow, A. Y. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.575311 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Gender Differences in Psycho-Social-Spiritual Healing
Luna, M. J., Ameli, R., Sinaii, N., Cheringal, J., Panahi, S., & Berger, A. M. (2019) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2019.7837 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Men (n = 90) 0 (0) 4 (4) 21 (23) 39 (43) 26 (29) 0.”
The association between social support and posttraumatic stress symptoms among survivors of betrayal trauma: a meta-analysis
Tirone, V., Orlowska, D., Lofgreen, A. M., Blais, R. K., Stevens, N. R., Klassen, B., Held, P., & Zalta, A. K. (2021) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2021.1883925 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Psychosocial factors associated with posttraumatic stress and growth in Australian women with ovarian cancer
Shand, L. K., Brooker, J., Burney, S., Fletcher, J. M., & Ricciardelli, L. A. (2018) · Journal of Psychosocial Oncology · doi:10.1080/07347332.2018.1461728 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citation
Correlations And Correlates Of Post-Traumatic Growth And Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms In Patients With Breast Cancer
Chen, H., Chen, V. C., Hsiao, H., Weng, Y.-P., Hsu, Y.-T., Weng, J., Su, J., & Chen, Y. (2019) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s218450 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Numerous studies have examined the potential risk factors for PTSD or associated symptoms after cancer diagnosis.(11,12,16) Impaired psychosocial functioning, negative life events, health problems, and high emotional reactivity were considered predictors of PTSD.”
BackgroundResult
Post-traumatic growth and its predictors among Syrian refugees in Istanbul: A mental health population survey
Wen, K., McGrath, M., Acarturk, C., Ilkkursun, Z., Fuhr, D. C., Sondorp, E., Cuijpers, P., Sijbrandij, M., & Roberts, B. (2020) · Journal of Migration and Health · doi:10.1016/j.jmh.2020.100010 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Distinct Stress Profiles Among Oncology Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy
Langford, D. J., Cooper, B. A., Paul, S. M., Humphreys, J. C., Hammer, M. J., Levine, J. D., Conley, Y. P., Wright, F., Dunn, L. B., & Miaskowski, C. A. (2019) · Journal of Pain and Symptom Management · doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2019.10.025 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Relationships between satisfaction with life, posttraumatic growth, coping strategies, and resilience in cancer survivors: A network analysis approach
Adamkovic, M., Fedáková, D., Kentoš, M., Bozogáňová, M., Havrillová, D., Baník, G., Dědová, M., & Piterová, I. (2022) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.5948 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“In addition to the level of distress, age and gender also correlate with PTG in cancer patients.(18) Regarding the demographic factors, gender, age and education are related to the resilience of cancer survivors.”
Background
Diagnosis of cancer is not a death sentence: Examining posttraumatic growth and its associated factors in cancer patients
Leong Abdullah, M. F. I., Hami, R., Appalanaido, G. K., Azman, N., Mohd Shariff, N., & Md Sharif, S. S. (2019) · Journal of Psychosocial Oncology · doi:10.1080/07347332.2019.1574946 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Career Adaptability of Trauma Survivors: The Moderating Role of Posttraumatic Growth
Prescod, D. J., & Zeligman, M. R. (2018) · The Career Development Quarterly · doi:10.1002/cdq.12126 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“It's been a life‐changing experience!” A qualitative study of young adult cancer survivors’ experiences of the coexistence of negative and positive outcomes after cancer treatment
Hauken, M. A., Grue, M., & Dyregrov, A. (2019) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12572 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Posttraumatic stress in breast cancer survivors diagnosed at a young age
Vazquez, D. A., Rosenberg, S. M., Gelber, S. I., Ruddy, K. J., Morgan, E., Recklitis, C. J., Come, S. E., Schapira, L., & Partridge, A. H. (2020) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.5438 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“A qualitative review by Cordova et al(14) and a metaanalysis by Shand et al including broad cancer populations confirmed associations between PTSD and less social support, as well as anxiety.(39) In contrast to other studies that have found a relationship between more advanced disease and PTSD,(1,35) we only found mor…”
Result
Does perceived post-traumatic growth predict better psychological adjustment during the COVID-19 pandemic? Results from a national longitudinal survey in the USA
Park, C. L., Wilt, J. A., Russell, B. S., & Fendrich, M. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.12.040 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Coping Strategies in Liver Transplant Recipients and Caregivers According to Patient Posttraumatic Growth
Pérez-San-Gregorio, M. Á., Rodríguez, A. M., Mas, M. D. L. M. B., Navarro, M. L. A., Pérez-Bernal, J., & Gómez‐Bravo, M. Á. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00018 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Making meaning of cancer: A qualitative analysis of oral-digestive cancer survivors’ reflections
Moye, J. A., Jahn, A. L., Norris-Bell, R., Herman, L. I., Gosian, J., & Naik, A. D. (2018) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105317753717 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Post-traumatic stress symptoms, post-traumatic stress disorder, and post-traumatic growth among cancer survivors: a systematic scoping review of interventions
Capaldi, J. M., Shabanian, J., Finster, L. B., Asher, A., Wertheimer, J. C., Zebrack, B., & Shirazipour, C. H. (2023) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2022.2162947 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“…survivors of cancer (Liu et al., 2020; Marziliano et al., 2020; Zebrack et al., 2015; Ochoa Arnedo et al., 2019; Yi & Kim, 2014; Koutna et al., 2021; Klosky et al., 2014; Parikh et al., 2015; Shand et al., 2015) and the potential relationship between PTG and resilience (Seiler & Jenewein, 2019).”
Background
Posttraumatic Growth, Personality Factors, and Social Support Among War-Experienced Young Georgians
Panjikidze, M., Beelmann, A., Martskvishvili, K., & Chitashvili, M. (2019) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/0033294118823177 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Less Mindful, More Struggle and Growth
Liu, X., Wang, L., Zhang, Q., Wang, R., & Xu, W. (2018) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000854 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Yin and Yang of Psychological Health in the Cancer Experience: Does Positive Psychology Have a Role?
Amonoo, H. L., El-Jawahri, A., Deary, E. C., Traeger, L. N., Cutler, C. S., Antin, J. H., Huffman, J. C., & Lee, S. J. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.21.02507 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Ambulatory Medical Assistance - After Cancer (AMA-AC): A model for an early trajectory survivorship survey of lymphoma patients treated with anthracycline-based chemotherapy
Compaci, G., Rueter, M., Lamy, S., Obéric, L., Récher, C., Lapeyre‐Mestre, M., Laurent, G., & Despas, F. (2015) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1815-7 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Interventions for the treatment of cancer‐related traumatic stress symptoms: A systematic review of the literature
Dimitrov, L., Moschopoulou, E., & Korszun, A. (2019) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.5055 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Changes in views on aging in later adulthood: the role of cardiovascular events
Wurm, S., Wiest, M., Wolff, J. K., Beyer, A.-K., & Spuling, S. M. (2019) · European Journal of Ageing · doi:10.1007/s10433-019-00547-5 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Posttraumatic stress disorder: from gene discovery to disease biology
Polimanti, R. A., & Wendt, F. R. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721000210 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Posttraumatic Growth, Positive Psychology, Perceived Spousal Support, and Psychological Complications in Head and Neck Cancer: Evaluating Their Association in a Longitudinal Study
Jaafar, N. R. N., Hamid, N. A., Hamdan, N. A., Rajandram, R. K., Mahadevan, R., Yunus, M. R. M., ZAKARIA, R. H., Shariff, N. M., Hami, R. B., Isa, S., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.920691 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“In addition, a meta-analysis of studies of PTG in cancer patients revealed that optimism is only weakly correlated with PTG (Shand et al., 2015).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Protective factors of depressive symptoms in adult cancer patients: The role of sense of coherence and posttraumatic growth in different time spans since diagnosis
Aderhold, C., Morawa, E., Paslakis, G., & Erim, Y. (2019) · Journal of Psychosocial Oncology · doi:10.1080/07347332.2019.1631931 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Cancer as a Source of Posttraumatic Growth: A Brief Review.
Tanyi, Z., Mirnics, Z., Ferenczi, A., Smohai, M., Mészáros, V., Kovács, D., Jakubovits, E., & Kövi, Z. (2020) · PubMed · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Benefit finding in long-term prostate cancer survivors
Lassmann, I., Dinkel, A., Marten‐Mittag, B., Jahnen, M., Schulwitz, H. S., Gschwend, J. E., & Herkommer, K. (2021) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-020-05971-3 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Effects of psychosocial factors on posttraumatic growth among lung cancer patients: A structural equation model analysis
Zhang, H., Ma, W., Wang, G., Wang, S., & Jiang, X. (2021) · European Journal of Cancer Care · doi:10.1111/ecc.13450 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Posttraumatic growth in breast cancer survivors: Are depressive symptoms really negative predictors?
Romeo, A., Tella, M. D., Ghiggia, A., Tesio, V., Torta, R., & Castelli, L. (2019) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000508 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“This additional statistical analysis has been conducted as the available evidence shows an association between age and psychological growth (Mystakidou et al., 2008; Shand et al., 2015).”
Religiousness and meaning making following stressful life events
Park, C. L. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-817204-9.00020-2 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Posttraumatic Growth and Coping Strategies Among Patients With Head and Neck Cancer: Do Approach Coping and Avoidant Coping Predict Posttraumatic Growth Over Time?
Jaafar, N. R. N., Hamid, N. A., Hamdan, N. A., Rajandram, R. K., Mahadevan, R., Yunus, M. R. M., ZAKARIA, R. H., & Abdullah, M. F. I. L. B. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.716674 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Negative and positive life changes following treatment completion: Chinese breast cancer survivors’ perspectives
Cheng, H., Sit, J. W. H., & Cheng, K. K. F. (2015) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-015-2845-z · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Understanding benefit finding among patients with colorectal cancer: a longitudinal study
Zimmaro, L. A., Deng, M., Handorf, E. R., Fang, C. Y., Denlinger, C. S., & Reese, J. B. (2020) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-020-05758-6 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Rumination, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms, and Posttraumatic Growth Among Wenchuan Earthquake Adult Survivors: A Developmental Perspective
Xu, W., Feng, C., Tang, W., & Yang, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.764127 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Impact of caregiver burden on caregiver mental health in patients with esophageal cancer: chain mediating effects of benefit finding and rumination, a cross-sectional study
Wen, X., Liang, Y., Ni, J., Han, X., & Gu, D. (2022) · Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology · doi:10.21037/jgo-22-884 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“The 2 concepts of BF and PTG share related characteristics, so the terms are often used interchangeably (16,29-31).”
Background
A Longitudinal Investigation of Posttraumatic Growth and Quality of Life in Liver Transplant Recipients
Gangeri, L., Scrignaro, M., Bianchi, E., Borreani, C., Bhoorie, S., & Mazzaferro, V. (2018) · Progress in Transplantation · doi:10.1177/1526924818781569 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Two recent systematic reviews have confirmed feelings of personal growth in patients with cancer.(13,14) Transplantation is a rich experience with complex psychological implications that includes aspects of PTG process.”
Background
Perceived and Actual Change in Religion/Spirituality in Cancer Survivors: Longitudinal Relationships With Distress and Perceived Growth
Trevino, K., Naik, A., & Moye, J. (2015) · Psychology of Religion and Spirituality · doi:10.1037/rel0000030 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“…M anuscript A uthor M anuscript Burney, & Ricciardelli, 2015), others suggest that perceived growth may be associated with lower levels of depression (Leong Abdullah et al., 2015; Shand et al., 2015; Wang, Chang, Chen, Chen, & Hsu, 2014) and higher levels of anxiety (Leong Abdullah et al., 2015).”
Background
Predictors of posttraumatic growth among university students who experienced a recent earthquake
Kim, I., & Oh, W.-O. (2019) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2018.1471759 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“PTSD was the most powerful variable for PTG in this study, which is consistent with findings of a previous study showing a statistically significant relationship between PTSD severity and PTG (Lee, 2001; Morris et al., 2005; Shand et al., 2015).”
Result
The impact of the Russian-Ukrainian war on the mental health of Italian people after 2 years of the pandemic: risk and protective factors as moderators
Mottola, F., Gnisci, A., Kalaitzaki, A., Vintilă, M., & Sergi, I. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1154502 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Most studies have found that higher PTG levels are associated with fewer depressive symptoms (Shand et al., 2015).”
Background
Cumulative Adversity as a Correlate of Posttraumatic Growth: The Effects of Multiple Traumas, Discrimination, and Sexual Harassment
Jirek, S. L., & Saunders, D. G. (2018) · Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2017.1420720 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“, 2015; Taku & Cann, 2014) and extraversion (Sheikh, 2004; Tedeschi & Calhoun, 1996), persons receiving greater social support (McMillen, Smith, & Fisher, 1997; Mohr & Rosén, 2017; Shand et al., 2015), individuals who rely upon adaptive coping styles (e.”
BackgroundInfluential
An explorative analysis of the differences in levels of happiness between cancer patients, informal caregivers and the general population
de Camargos, M. G., Paiva, B. S. R., de Oliveira, M. A., Ferreira, P. D. S., de Almeida, V. T. N., Cadamuro, S. D. A., de Almeida, C. S. L., & Paiva, C. E. (2020) · BMC Palliative Care · doi:10.1186/s12904-020-00594-1 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
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“In a systematic review and meta-analysis among people with cancer, there was a weak but statistically significant association between BF and lower depression and between BF and lower distress, but no relation of BF to anxiety (Shand et al., 2015).”
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The relationship between post‐traumatic stress and post‐traumatic growth in cancer patients and survivors: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
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Authors: Shand, L. K., Cowlishaw, S., Brooker, J. E., Burney, S., & Ricciardelli, L. A.
Affiliations: Deakin University (AU)
University of Bristol (GB)
Cabrini Hospital (AU)
Corresponding author: Brooker, Joanne E.
ORCID: Shand, Lyndel K.
Cowlishaw, Sean
Brooker, Joanne E.
Ricciardelli, Lina A.
Venue: Psycho-Oncology
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2014-11-12
Volume: 24
Issue: 6
Pages: 624-634
ISSN: 1057-9249 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1002/pon.3719
OpenAlex: W1915047932
Cited by: 280
References: 56
Citations by year: 2026: 15 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 10
FWCI: 1.40
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
figshare.com
Licence: cc-by
doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1 (tdm, 293 d)
Locations: Psycho-Oncology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Deakin Research Online (Deakin University) (submittedVersion)
Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer survivorship and care
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
Keywords: posttraumatic stress symptoms, posttraumatic growth, cancer patients, depression, anxiety, psychological distress, social support, optimism, spirituality, religious coping, positive reappraisal, quality of life, psychosocial factors
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Psychological, Anxiety, Depression, Humans, Neoplasms, Quality of Life, Religion and Psychology, Sex Factors, Social Support, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Stress, Psychological, Spirituality

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Correlates of post-traumatic stress symptoms and growth in cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis: Correlates of PTSS and PTG

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