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Individual differences in boys’ and girls’ timing and tempo of puberty: Modeling development with nonlinear growth models
Open accessAbstract
Pubertal development is a nonlinear process progressing from prepubescent beginnings through biological, physical, and psychological changes to full sexual maturity. To tether theoretical concepts of puberty with sophisticated longitudinal, analytical models capable of articulating pubertal development more accurately, we used nonlinear mixed-effects models to describe both the timing and tempo of pubertal development in the sample of 364 White boys and 373 White girls measured across 6 years as part of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development. Individual differences in timing and tempo were extracted with models of logistic growth. Differential relations emerged for how boys' and girls' timing and tempo of development were related to physical characteristics (body mass index, height, and weight) and psychological outcomes (internalizing problems, externalizing problems, and risky sexual behavior). Timing and tempo are associated in boys but not girls. Pubertal timing and tempo are particularly important for predicting psychological outcomes in girls but only sparsely related to boys' psychological outcomes. Results highlight the importance of considering the nonlinear nature of puberty and expand the repertoire of possibilities for examining important aspects of how and when pubertal processes contribute to development.
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“For example, in girls, earlier pubertal timing and more rapid pubertal tempo (relative to same-age, same-sex peers) is associated with higher rates of depressive disorders in particular, as well as substance use disorders, eating disorders, and antisocial behavior.(30–32)”
From Puberty Initiates Cascading Relationships Between Neurodevelopmental, Social, and Internalizing Processes Across Adolescence (2021) · cites this paper as [30]
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Citations
Cites
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Singer, J. D., & Willett, J. B. (2003) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195152968.001.0001 · Cited by 10,647 · cited 1×
“Mixed-effects and growth curve models have become the main methods used for describing individual differences in intraindividual change (Duncan, Duncan, Stryker, Li, & Alpert, 1999; McArdle, 2009; McArdle & Nesselroade, 2003; Preacher, Wichman, MacCallum, & Briggs, 2008; Singer & Willett, 2003).”
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A test of missing completely at random for multivariate data with missing values
Little, R. J. A. (1988) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.1988.10478722 · Cited by 8,963 · cited 1×
“Incomplete data were deleted listwise under the previously tested missing completely at random assumption (Little, 1988).”
MethodRandom-Effects Models for Longitudinal Data
Laird, N. M., & Ware, J. H. (1982) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2529876 · Cited by 8,923 · cited 1×
“…of many different types of change processes and configurations of interindividual differences (Blozis, 2004; Browne, 1993; Browne & Du Toit, 1991; Choi, Harring, & Hancock, 2009; Grimm & Ram, 2009a, 2009b; Grimm, Ram, & Hamagami, in press; Laird & Ware, 1982; Ram & Grimm, 2007, 2009).”
Variations in pattern of pubertal changes in girls
Marshall, W. A., & Tanner, J. M. (1969) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/adc.44.235.291 · Cited by 5,963 · cited 6×
“Because pubertal tempo varies across development as indicated in the present study and others (e.g., Eaves et al., 2004; Marshall & Tanner, 1969, 1970; Susman, Houts, et al., 2010; Tanner, 1971), we may find the association between the timing and tempo of puberty changes across development.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialVariations in the pattern of pubertal changes in boys
Marshall, W. A., & Tanner, J. M. (1970) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/adc.45.239.13 · Cited by 5,147 · cited 5×
“Because pubertal tempo varies across development as indicated in the present study and others (e.g., Eaves et al., 2004; Marshall & Tanner, 1969, 1970; Susman, Houts, et al., 2010; Tanner, 1971), we may find the association between the timing and tempo of puberty changes across development.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialPrevalence and development of psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence
Costello, E. J., Mustillo, S., Erkanli, A., Keeler, G., & Angold, A. (2003) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.8.837 · Cited by 4,035
Tanner, J. M. (1978) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 3,742
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Pfeifer, J. H., & Allen, N. B. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.09.002 · Cited by 411
Puberty and the human brain: insights into adolescent development
Vijayakumar, N., Op de Macks, Z., Shirtcliff, E. A., & Pfeifer, J. H. (2018) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.06.004 · Cited by 437
Clinical Management of Congenital Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism
Young, J., Xu, C., Papadakis, G. E., Acierno, J. S., Maione, L., Hietamäki, J., Raivio, T., & Pitteloud, N. (2019) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2018-00116 · Cited by 425
Sumner, J. A., Colich, N. L., Uddin, M., Armstrong, D., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2019) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.09.008 · Cited by 315
“Additionally, the onset of puberty is a reliable marker of maturation in youths that exhibits significant variation regarding age at onset and pace of progression (14).”
Ullsperger, J. M., & Nikolas, M. A. (2017) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000106 · Cited by 293
“Additionally, the pace of developmental maturation during puberty, termed pubertal tempo, has also been explored as a possible potentiator for psychopathology (Keenan et al., 2014; Marceau et al., 2011), an effect which may also vary by sex (Mendle et al., 2010).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Marceau, K., Ram, N., Houts, R. M., Grimm, K. J., & Susman, E. J.
- Affiliations
- Duke University (US)
- University of California, Davis (US)
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- Venue
- Developmental Psychology
- Published
- 2011-09
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1389-1409
- ISSN
- 0012-1649 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-0599
- PMC
- PMC3928626
- OpenAlex
- W1967329472
- Cited by
- 389
- References
- 82
- Citations by year
- 2026: 31 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 74 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 15.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Developmental Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (cooperative agreement 5U10HD025460-18; 5U10HD025447-18; 5U10HD025420-19; 5U10HD025456-18; 5U10HD025445-19; 5U01HD033343-14; 5U10HD025451-19; 5U10HD025430-18; 5U10HD025449-18; 5U10HD027040-18; 5U10HD025455-18)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH077874-04)
- National Institute on Aging (RC1-AG035645)
- National Science Foundation (DRL-0815787)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health
- Keywords
- pubertal timing, pubertal tempo, pubertal development, individual differences, sex differences, nonlinear growth models, logistic growth, body mass index, internalizing problems, externalizing problems, sexual risk behavior, longitudinal development
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Psychology, Adolescent, Anthropometry, Child, Female, Humans, Individuality, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Models, Biological, Predictive Value of Tests, Puberty, Sexual Behavior, Sex Characteristics, Logistic Models, Nonlinear Dynamics, Adolescent Development
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