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Patterns of developmental trajectories in toddlers with autism spectrum disorder

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Lord, Catherine, Luyster, Rhiannon, Guthrie, Whitney, Pickles, Andrew·2012·Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology

DOI 10.1037/a0027214PMC PMC3365612

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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to follow toddlers referred for risk of autism, using standardized observational measures administered frequently from age 18 months to age 36 months. METHOD: Sixty-five children who were consecutive referrals and 13 children from other research projects were seen approximately every 2 months, from age 18 months to age 36 months, for standardized assessments and clinical judgments by the same examiner and every 6 months by an examiner blind to previous scores. RESULTS: Thirty children never received an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosis; 48 children (all referrals) received at least 1 diagnosis of ASD. The best trajectory typology, using Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) scores, revealed 4 trajectory classes with high probabilities for fit to the most likely class: severe persistent (21%), worsening (21%), improving (19%), and nonspectrum (40%). Classes differed by trajectories in verbal and nonverbal mental ages; never-ever ASD groups differed on Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) domain scores and clinician judgments, but improving-worsening trajectory groups did not. CONCLUSIONS: The results replicated the findings from studies of infants whose siblings have autism and infants whose siblings do not have autism, suggesting variability in early trajectories and supporting the need for early identification, regular monitoring, and standardized assessments of young children suspected of having ASD.

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Authors: Lord, C., Luyster, R., Guthrie, W., & Pickles, A.
Affiliations: NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital (US)
Harvard University (US)
Florida State University (US)
University of London (GB)
ORCID: Lord, Catherine
Luyster, Rhiannon
Pickles, Andrew
Venue: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2012-06
Volume: 80
Issue: 3
Pages: 477-489
ISSN: 0022-006X (ISSN-L)
1939-2117
DOI: 10.1037/a0027214
PMC: PMC3365612
OpenAlex: W2022069611
Cited by: 142
References: 57
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 3
FWCI: 6.71
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Department of Education (H324 C030112)
National Institute of Mental Health (R01 MH066496)
Simons Foundation
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
Keywords: autism spectrum disorder, toddlers, developmental trajectories, autism risk, early detection, early intervention, mental age, Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, ADI-R, clinical judgment, siblings of autistic children
MeSH terms: Child Development, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Infant, Intelligence, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Psychometrics, Social Behavior, Siblings

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