Early diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder: stability and change in clinical diagnosis and symptom presentation
Open accessAbstract
Background: Although a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) appears to be stable in children as young as age three, few studies have explored stability of a diagnosis in younger children. Predictive value of diagnostic tools for toddlers and patterns of symptom change are important considerations for clinicians making early diagnoses. Most findings come from high‐risk samples, but reports on children screened in community settings are also needed. Methods: Stability of diagnosis and Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule – Toddler Module (ADOS‐T) classifications and scores was examined across two time points in a sample of 82 children identified through the FIRST WORDS ® Project. Children received two comprehensive diagnostic evaluations at average ages of 19.39 ( SD = 2.12) and 36.89 ( SD = 3.85) months. Results: Stability was 100% when confirming and ruling out a diagnosis of ASD based on a comprehensive diagnostic evaluation that included clinic and home observations, although diagnosis was initially deferred for 17% of the sample. Receiver Operating Characteristic curves revealed excellent sensitivity and acceptable specificity for the ADOS‐T compared to concurrent diagnosis. Logistic regressions indicated good predictive value of initial ADOS‐T scores for follow‐up diagnosis. Finally, both ASD and Non‐ASD children demonstrated a decrease in Social Affect scores (i.e., improvement), whereas children with ASD demonstrated an increase in Restricted and Repetitive Behavior scores (i.e., worsening), changes that were accounted for by nonverbal developmental level in mixed model analyses. Conclusions: Short‐term stability was documented for children diagnosed at 19 months on average, although a minority of children initially showed unclear diagnostic presentations. Findings highlight utility of the ADOS‐T in making early diagnoses and predicting follow‐up diagnoses. Children with ASD demonstrated improvement in social communication behaviors and unfolding of repetitive behaviors, suggesting that certain early patterns of change in symptoms may be characteristic of ASD.
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ASD can be diagnosed accurately before 2 years of age.
“the growing evidence that ASD can be diagnosed accurately before 2 years of age, 4 , 5”
From Early Intervention for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder Under 3 Years of Age: Recommendations for Practice and Research (2015) · cites this paper as [4]
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Cites
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Pediatric Healthcare Professionals’ Views on Autism Spectrum Disorder Screening at 12–18 Months
Crais, E. R., McComish, C., Humphreys, B. P., Watson, L. R., Baranek, G. T., Reznick, J. S., Christian, R., & Earls, M. F. (2014) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2101-2 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“2013), to 90 % of 15–24 month olds screened positive with the ITC (Guthrie et al. 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialLanguage delay aggregates in toddler siblings of children with autism spectrum disorder
for the IBIS Network, Marrus, N. M., Hall, L., Paterson, S., Elison, J. T., Wolff, J. J., Swanson, M. R., Parish‐Morris, J., Eggebrecht, A. T., Pruett, J. R., et al. (2018) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/s11689-018-9247-8 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Moulton, E., Bradbury, K. R., Barton, M. L., & FEIN, D. A. (2016) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2936-9 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“Through gold standard developmental and diagnostic evaluations, reliable and stable diagnoses can often be made in early childhood, at around 24 months or even earlier (Chawarska et al. 2009; Eaves and Ho 2004; Guthrie et al. 2013; Kim et al. 2015; Kleinman et al. 2008; Lord 1995; Moulton et al. 2016; Ozonoff et al. 2…”
Early Motor Function of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review
Lim, Y. H., Licari, M. K., Spittle, A. J., Watkins, R. E., Zwicker, J. G., Downs, J. A., & Finlay‐jones, A. L. (2021) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2020-011270 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Variability in Autism Symptom Trajectories Using Repeated Observations From 14 to 36 Months of Age
Kim, S. H., Bal, V. H., Benrey, N., Choi, Y. B., Guthrie, W., Colombi, C., & Lord, C. (2018) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2018.05.026 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationPathways to a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder in Germany: a survey of parents
Höfer, J., Hoffmann, F., Kamp‐Becker, I., Poustka, L., Roessner, V., Stroth, S., Wolff, N., & Bachmann, C. (2019) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-019-0276-1 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Dow, D., Day, T. N., Kutta, T. J., Nottke, C., & Wetherby, A. M. (2020) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2226 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationDevelopment of attention from birth to 5 months in infants at risk for autism spectrum disorder
Bradshaw, J. L., Klin, A. J., Evans, L. M., Klaiman, C., Saulnier, C. A., & McCracken, C. (2019) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579419000233 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“While a stable and reliable diagnosis of ASD is possible in infants as young as 18-24 months of age (Chawarska, Klin, Paul, & Volkmar, 2007; Guthrie, Swineford, Nottke, & Wetherby, 2013), the pathogenesis of ASD and its course across the first two years of life is largely unknown.”
BackgroundElias, R., & Lord, C. (2021) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13551 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Continuity and Change in Cognition and Autism Severity from Toddlerhood to School Age
Clark, M., Barbaro, J., & Dissanayake, C. (2016) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2954-7 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“Historically, the long-term prognosis for individuals with Autism, albeit variable, was reportedly poor (Howlin and Moss 2012). However, the few longitudinal studies available have reported improved short-term outcomes for children, with these improvements extending into school age (Sigman et al. 1999; Turner et al. 2…”
ResultRamos‐Cabo, S., Vulchanov, V., & Vulchanova, M. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01211 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
The influence of parental concern on the utility of autism diagnostic instruments
Havdahl, K. A., Bishop, S. L., Surén, P., Øyen, A., Lord, C., Pickles, A., von Tetzchner, S., Schjølberg, S., Gunnes, N., Hornig, M., et al. (2017) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1817 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Campbell, D. J., Chang, J. T., & Chawarska, K. (2014) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2014.07.008 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Barbaro, J., & Dissanayake, C. (2016) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361316654084 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“…rerun with the covariate of NVDQ to explore whether symptom changes over time were accounted for by initial non-verbal developmental level, given the significant differences between the two groups on this variable at 24 months, and similar findings by past researchers (e.g. Guthrie et al., 2013).”
InfluentialDevescovi, R., Monasta, L., Mancini, A., Bin, M., Vellante, V., Carrozzi, M., & Colombi, C. (2016) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s106850 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“For the nine children who were assessed by the ADOS-Toddler Module, 12 Module 1 algorithms and severity scores were calculated according to the well-based procedures described by Guthrie et al, 13 so that the severity of autistic symptoms could be defined for all children.”
Adaptation and Validation of the ADOS-2, Polish Version
Chojnicka, I., & Pisula, E. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01916 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“The validity and reliability of ASD diagnosis improves significantly when it is based on a comprehensive diagnostic evaluation, using standardized instruments with good psychometric properties (Kim and Lord, 2012; Guthrie et al., 2013).”
MethodDow, D., Guthrie, W., Stronach, S. T., & Wetherby, A. M. (2017) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361316636760 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that all children be screened for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) at 18 and 24 months (Johnson and Myers, 2007), as research indicates that reliable diagnoses can be made at these early ages (Chawarska et al., 2007; Guthrie et al., 2013) and early intervention can maximize…”
Self-citationLevante, A., Petrocchi, S., Bianco, F., Castelli, I., Colombi, C., Keller, R., Narzisi, A., Masi, G., & Lecciso, F. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11060808 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Temperamental markers in toddlers with autism spectrum disorder
Macari, S. L., Koller, J., Campbell, D. J., & Chawarska, K. (2017) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12710 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Delehanty, A. D., Stronach, S. T., Guthrie, W., Slate, E. H., & Wetherby, A. M. (2018) · Autism & Developmental Language Impairments · doi:10.1177/2396941518764764 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“To be included in this sample for analyses, each participant must have received a best estimate diagnosis using all available diagnostic information, including the measures listed above, by an experienced team of diagnosticians including a licensed psychologist, speech-language pathologist, and early childhood special…”
MethodSelf-citationShic, F., Wang, Q., Macari, S. L., & Chawarska, K. (2019) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13118 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Multivariate Neural Connectivity Patterns in Early Infancy Predict Later Autism Symptoms
Dickinson, A. H., Daniel, M., Marin, A., Gaonkar, B., Dapretto, M., McDonald, N. M., & Jeste, S. (2020) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.06.003 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“Mean (SD), Range 46.07 (7.51), 24.5– 64 51.54 (9.08), 25– 66 .011* 40.96 (9.70), 24.5–59.5 50.65 (7.02), 34– 66 .001* 18 Month ADOS-T Total Score Mean (SD), Range 7.17 (5.12), 1–18 5.21 (4.44), 0–18 .11 14.28 (2.67), 10–18 4.09 (2.46), 0–9 <.001* 18Month ADOS-T Total Score >10 n >10 (%>10) 11 (30.6”
MethodInfluentialEarly Characteristics of Children with ASD Who Demonstrate Optimal Progress Between Age Two and Four
Moulton, E., Barton, M. L., Robins, D. L., Abrams, D. N., & FEIN, D. A. (2016) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2745-1 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“Studies have reported between 68 and 100 % stability of ASD diagnoses made at approximately age two to follow-up at age three or four (Chawarska et al. 2009; Eaves and Ho 2004; Guthrie et al. 2013; Kim et al. 2015; Kleinman et al. 2008a, b; Lord 1995; Sutera et al. 2007; Turner and Stone 2007).”
BackgroundMultilevel Differences in Spontaneous Social Attention in Toddlers With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Chawarska, K., Ye, S., Shic, F., & Chen, L. (2015) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12473 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Comparison of DSM-IV and DSM-5 Factor Structure Models for Toddlers With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Guthrie, W., Swineford, L. B., Wetherby, A. M., & Lord, C. (2013) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2013.05.004 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“However, there is a clear need for improving diagnostic practices in toddlers, given the gap between the average age of diagnosis (i.e., 4–5 years 26 ) and the earliest ages that stable diagnoses have been reported (i.e., 2 years 27–29 ).”
Self-citationEmotional Expressivity in Toddlers With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Macari, S. L., DiNicola, L. M., Kane‐Grade, F., Prince, E. B., Vernetti, A., Powell, K. K., Fontenelle, S., & Chawarska, K. (2018) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2018.07.872 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Obeid, R., Bisson, J. B., Cosenza, A., Harrison, A. J., James, F., Saade, S., & Gillespie-Lynch, K. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04507-2 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“ASD can often be accurately diagnosed before 2 years of age (Guthrie et al. 2013).”
BackgroundSiller, M., Morgan, L., Turner‐Brown, L., Baggett, K. M., Baranek, G. T., Brian, J. A., Bryson, S. E., Carter, A. S., Crais, E. R., Estes, A. M., et al. (2013) · Journal of Early Intervention · doi:10.1177/1053815114542507 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“Despite these important advantages of standardized measures, recent research found that the judgment of experienced clinicians, trained on standardized instruments, consistently added to the results of standardized diagnostic measures (guthrie et al., 2013).”
BackgroundSelf-citationCho, H., Kim, C. H., Knight, E. Q., Oh, H.-W., Park, B., Kim, D. G., & Park, H. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-13642-3 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Hou, Y., Stewart, L., Iao, L., & Wu, C. (2018) · Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1111/jar.12471 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Loubersac, J., Michelon, C., Ferrando, L., Picot, M., & Baghdadli, A. (2021) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-021-01792-9 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“The first signs of ASD generally occur very early, being observable in children as young as 12 months of age, but formal diagnosis is only possible from 18/24 months, with a fairly high stability of the diagnosis over time [5].”
BackgroundWhen Are We Sure? Predictors of Clinician Certainty in the Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder
McDonnell, C. G., Bradley, C. C., Kanne, S. M., Lajonchere, C., Warren, Z. E., & Carpenter, L. A. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3831-3 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Hine, J. F., Herrington, C. G., Rothman, A. M., Mace, R. L., Patterson, B. L., Carlson, K. L., & Warren, Z. E. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3548-3 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“There is growing evidence that not only is diagnosis of ASD possible during the second year of life (Guthrie et al. 2013; Macari et al. 2012; Ozonoff et al. 2010) but that children with ASD receiving early behavioral intervention services demonstrate substantial gains in functioning (Dawson et al.”
BackgroundReliable Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnosis for Pediatrics Using Machine Learning and Explainable AI
Jeon, I., Kim, M., So, D., Kim, E. Y., Nam, Y., Kim, S., Shim, S.-H., Kim, J., & Moon, J. (2024) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics14222504 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Autism Spectrum Disorder Across the Lifespan
Tafolla, M., Singer, H., & Lord, C. (2025) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081423-031110 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Practitioner Perceptions of the Assessment and Diagnosis of Autism in Australia
Ward, S. L., Sullivan, K. A., & Gilmore, L. (2016) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1111/ap.12211 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Louwerse, A., Eussen, M. L. J. M., van der Ende, J., de Nijs, P. F. A., Gool, A. R. V., Dekker, L. P., Verheij, C., Verheij, F., Verhulst, F. C., & Greaves‐Lord, K. (2015) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2595-2 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“…wave, a diagnostic assessment procedure took place, including parental questionnaires, e.g. the Children’s Social Behavior Questionnaire ([CSBQ] Hartman et al. 2006) and the Child Behavioral Checklist ([CBCL] Verhulst et al. 1996), semistructured interviews, e.g. the Semi-structured Clinical…”
Coogle, C. G., Ottley, J. R., Storie, S., Rahn, N. L., & Kurowski-Burt, A. L. (2018) · Journal of Teacher Education · doi:10.1177/0022487118803583 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Understanding camouflaging and identity in autistic children and adolescents using photo-elicitation
Howe, S. J., Hull, L., Sedgewick, F., Hannon, B., & McMorris, C. A. (2023) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2023.102232 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Pre-diagnostic and Diagnostic Stages of Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Parent Perspective
Wong, V. W., Yu, Y., Keyes, M. L., & McGrew, J. H. (2016) · Child Care in Practice · doi:10.1080/13575279.2016.1199537 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Brodzeller, K. L., Ottley, J. R., Jung, J., & Coogle, C. G. (2017) · Early Childhood Education Journal · doi:10.1007/s10643-017-0859-5 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Age of autism diagnosis in Latin American and Caribbean countries
Montiel‐Nava, C., Montenegro, M. C., Ramírez, A. C., Valdez, D., Rosoli, A., García, R. N., Garrido, G., Cukier, S., Rattazzi, A., & Paula, C. S. (2023) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613221147345 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Generally, the first signs of ASD usually emerge in the first year of life; however, the diagnosis comes at a much older age (Guthrie et al., 2013; Tanner & Dounavi, 2021).”
BackgroundClinical signs associated with earlier diagnosis of children with autism Spectrum disorder
Sicherman, N., Charité, J., Eyal, G., Janecka, M., Loewenstein, G. F., Law, K., Lipkin, P. H., Marvin, A. R., & Buxbaum, J. D. (2021) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-021-02551-0 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Bent, C. A., Barbaro, J., & Dissanayake, C. (2020) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103689 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Troisi, J., Autio, R., Beopoulos, T., Bravaccio, C., Carraturo, F., Corrivetti, G., Cunningham, S., Devane, S., Fallin, M. D., Fetissov, S. O., et al. (2020) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci10100743 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Additional behavioral assessments include Early Screening for Autism and Communication Disorders and Repetitive Behavior Scale [55,56], Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL) [57], and Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (VABS) [58].”
MethodNetwork or regression-based methods for disease discrimination: a comparison study
Zhang, X., Yuan, Z., Ji, J., Li, H., & Xue, F. (2016) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/s12874-016-0207-2 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Regression-based methods, although may be unreason-able to some extent under the network framework, is still a priority in disease diagnosis or discrimination problem [6, 13 – 15], which is easier to be accepted by clinical researchers due to the interpretability of model parameters and ease of use.”
MethodInstrumentos para Rastreamento de Sinais Precoces do Autismo: Revisão Sistemática
Seize, M. D. M., & Borsa, J. C. (2017) · Psico-USF · doi:10.1590/1413-82712017220114 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Wetherby, A. M., Guthrie, W., Hooker, J. L., Delehanty, A. D., Day, T. N., Woods, J. J., Pierce, K., Manwaring, S. S., Thurm, A. E., Ozonoff, S. J., et al. (2021) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613211012526 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Advances in research have documented reliable diagnoses of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) can be made between 14 and 24 months of age (Guthrie et al., 2013; Ozonoff et al., 2015; Pierce et al., 2019; Zwaigenbaum, Bauman, Stone et al., 2015).”
Self-citationMoving From Research to Practice in the Primary Care of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders
Carbone, P. S. (2013) · Academic Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.acap.2013.04.003 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Stronach, S. T., & Wetherby, A. M. (2017) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2016_ajslp-15-0089 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationCapal, J. K., Horn, P. S., Murray, D. S., Byars, A. W., Bing, N. M., Kent, B., Bucher, L. A., Williams, M. E., O’Kelley, S. E., Pearson, D. A., et al. (2017) · Pediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2017.06.010 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Yuen, T., Carter, M. T., Szatmári, P., & Ungar, W. J. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3571-4 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Moreover, ASD could be accurately diagnosed in some children prior to age 2 years (Chawarska et al. 2007; Guthrie et al. 2013) and improvement in adaptive behaviour, social skills and IQ have been reported in children with ASD who received behavioural and/or developmental intervention prior to age 3 years (Zwaigenbaum…”
BackgroundStability of Autistic Traits from 5 to 8 Years of Age Among Children in the General Population
Haraguchi, H., Stickley, A., Saito, A., Takahashi, H., & Kamio, Y. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3770-z · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Li, B., Xu, Y., Pang, D., Zhao, Q., Zhang, L., Li, M., Li, W., Duan, G., & Zhu, C. (2022) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2022.947513 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“In addition, ASD symptoms may vary between age groups (Guthrie et al., 2013), and serum folate levels were associated with age and were relatively higher in children aged ≤ 3 years, which was consistent with some previous studies (González-Gross et al.”
ResultOperationalizing atypical gaze in toddlers with autism spectrum disorders: a cohesion-based approach
Wang, Q., Campbell, D. J., Macari, S. L., Chawarska, K., & Shic, F. (2018) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-018-0211-y · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Using the M-CHAT-R/F to Identify Developmental Concerns in a High-Risk 18-Month-Old Sibling Sample
Weitlauf, A. S., Vehorn, A. C., Stone, W. L., FEIN, D. A., & Warren, Z. E. (2015) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0000000000000194 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“values of the M-CHAT-R/F in discriminating between 3 different diagnostic classifications: (1) ASD/ASD risk (ASD/ R), (2) other developmental concerns (OD), and (3) typical development (TD).”
BackgroundMethodeCoaching to Enhance Special Educator Practice and Child Outcomes
Coogle, C. G., Ottley, J. R., Storie, S., Rahn, N. L., & Kurowski-Burt, A. L. (2016) · Infants & Young Children · doi:10.1097/iyc.0000000000000082 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
What Is Autism Spectrum Disorder?
Rea, H. M., LaMotte, K., & Burrell, T. L. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-03213-5_1 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Bhavnani, S., Estrin, G. L., Arora, R., Kumar, D., Abhilashi, M. K., Vajaratkar, V. P., Juneja, M., Gulati, S., Patel, V., Green, J., et al. (2021) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-05047-z · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“, 2017) highlighting that efforts made to demonstrate a stable autism diagnosis at younger ages (Guthrie et al., 2013; Lord et al., 2006; Ozonoff et al., 2015) are yet to translate consistently into clinical practice.”
BackgroundHedley, D., Brewer, N., Nevill, R. E. A., Uljarević, M., Butter, E. M., & Mulick, J. A. (2016) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2766-9 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“ASD can be reliably diagnosed in children aged under 3 years (Corsello et al. 2013; Guthrie et al. 2013), and there is emerging evidence that early intervention may improve developmental outcomes in many children (Dawson et al. 2012, 2010; National Autism Center 2015).”
BackgroundParent-Reported Repetitive Behavior in Toddlers on the Autism Spectrum
Schertz, H. H., Odom, S. L., Baggett, K. M., & Sideris, J. H. (2016) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2870-x · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Much of the research on RRB in toddlers with ASD is based on data from general diagnostic assessments (Guthrie et al. 2013; Honey et al. 2008; Kim and Lord 2010; Moore and Goodson 2003; Richler et al. 2007, 2010).”
BackgroundResult
- Authors
- Guthrie, W., Swineford, L. B., Nottke, C., & Wetherby, A. M.
- Affiliations
- Florida State University (US)
- ORCID
- Wetherby, Amy M.
- Venue
- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2012-10-19
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 582-590
- ISSN
- 0021-9630 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-7610
- PMC
- PMC3556369
- OpenAlex
- W1633699847
- Cited by
- 366
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 9
- FWCI
- 6.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U01DD000304)
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (R01DC007462)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD065272)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, early diagnosis, diagnostic stability, toddlers, symptom change, restricted and repetitive behaviors, social communication, developmental delay, diagnostic prediction
- MeSH terms
- Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Predictive Value of Tests, Prospective Studies, Time Factors, Logistic Models, Early Diagnosis, Symptom Assessment
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