Examination of Sex Differences in a Large Sample of Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Typical Development
Open accessAbstract
Despite consistent and substantive research documenting a large male to female ratio in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), only a modest body of research exists examining sex differences in characteristics. This study examined sex differences in developmental functioning and early social communication in children with ASD as compared to children with typical development. Sex differences in adaptive behavior and autism symptoms were also examined in children with ASD. Participants (n = 511) were recruited from the Florida State University FIRST WORDS® Project and University of Michigan Autism and Communication Disorders Center. Analyses did not reveal significant effects of sex or a diagnostic group by sex interaction, suggesting a similar phenotype in males and females early in development. Further research is needed to examine sex differences across development.
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A recent investigation did not reveal sex differences in cognitive performance or ASD symptom severity either among 3-year-olds with ASD or among typically developing children.
“However, a recent investigation did not reveal sex differences in cognitive performance or ASD symptom severity either among 3-year-olds with ASD or among typically developing children [15].”
From Early sex differences are not autism-specific: A Baby Siblings Research Consortium (BSRC) study (2015) · cites this paper as [15]
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- Authors
- Reinhardt, V. P., Wetherby, A. M., Schatschneider, C., & Lord, C.
- Affiliations
- Florida State University (US)
- Weill Cornell Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Reinhardt, Vanessa P.
- Venue
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
- Published
- 2014-09-05
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 697-706
- ISSN
- 0162-3257 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3432
- PMC
- PMC4342305
- OpenAlex
- W2048111121
- Cited by
- 89
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 3.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U01DD000304)
- U.S. Public Health Service (UA3MC11055)
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (R01DC007462)
- Maternal and Child Health Bureau
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD065272)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, sex differences, young children, social communication, adaptive behavior, autism symptoms, typical development, sex ratio, developmental phenotypes
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Child Development, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Child, Preschool, Communication, Female, Florida, Humans, Male, Michigan, Phenotype, Sex Characteristics, Case-Control Studies
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