Reevaluating key evidence for the development of rehearsal: Phonological similarity effects in children are subject to proportional scaling artifacts.
Open accessAbstract
The size of an individual's phonological similarity effect for visually presented material is assumed to reflect his or her ability to recode, and by implication rehearse, information in verbal short-term memory. Many studies have shown that under these conditions, the size of this effect interacts with age, tending to be nonsignificant in children younger than 7 years and leading to the conclusion that children of this age do not rehearse. In the present study, the size of the phonological similarity effect was assessed in a total of 116 children aged between 5 and 9 years, manipulating the modality of both encoding and retrieval of the memoranda. Although the interaction between age and the size of the phonological similarity effect was replicated with visual presentation and verbal recall of material, this interaction was also present in other conditions that do not require recoding. In addition, the data from this "classic" condition were simulated by a model that assumed that the size of the similarity effect is (a) proportional to an individual's recall of dissimilar items and (b) constrained by a functional floor to recall of similar items. These findings undermine the evidence for a qualitative change in recoding and rehearsal at 7 years and question the extent to which rehearsal is necessary to explain the development of verbal short-term memory performance.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Evidence of phonological similarity effects may emerge around age 7 not because of an adoption of rehearsal strategies at this time, but as a result of gradual changes in overall recall skill.
“Thus, evidence of phonological similarity effects may emerge around age 7 not because of an adoption of rehearsal strategies at this time, but as a result of gradual changes in overall recall skill.”
From Inner Speech: Development, Cognitive Functions, Phenomenology, and Neurobiology (2015) · cites this paper as Jarrold and Citroen (2013)
The indexed title says phonological similarity effects in children are subject to proportional scaling artifacts, supporting the possibility that their apparent emergence need not reflect rehearsal. The available passages are bibliographic material, however, and do not state that the effects emerge around age 7 or link them specifically to gradual changes in overall recall skill. (LLM, conf=0.70)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe presence or absence of a phonological similarity effect should not be taken to indicate a specific, qualitative shift in children's inner speech strategies.
“suggests that the presence or absence of a phonological similarity effect should not be taken to indicate a specific, qualitative shift in children’s inner speech strategies”
From Inner Speech: Development, Cognitive Functions, Phenomenology, and Neurobiology (2015) · cites this paper as Jarrold & Citroen, 2013
The paper’s title (no page given) says that phonological similarity effects in children are subject to proportional scaling artifacts and reevaluates their use as evidence for the development of rehearsal. The available passages do not address whether the presence or absence of the effect indicates a qualitative shift in children’s inner speech strategies; searches for that claim returned only title and bibliographic material. (LLM, conf=0.70)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Working Memory: Theories, Models, and Controversies
Baddeley, A. (2012) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100422 · Cited by 4,271 · see citing works
Categorical data analysis: Away from ANOVAs (transformation or not) and towards logit mixed models
Jaeger, T. F. (2008) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2007.11.007 · Cited by 3,317 · cited 1× · see citing works
“3 Concerns are sometimes raised about the appropriateness of analysis of variance of proportional data (e.g., Jaeger, 2008).”
BackgroundWorking memory span tasks: A methodological review and user’s guide
Conway, A. R. A., Kane, M. J., Bunting, M. F., Hambrick, D. Z., Wilhelm, O., & Engle, R. W. (2005) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03196772 · Cited by 2,882 · see citing works
The phonological loop as a language learning device.
Baddeley, A., Gathercole, S., & Papagno, C. (1998) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.105.1.158 · Cited by 2,199 · see citing works
Kane, M. J., Hambrick, D. Z., Tuholski, S. W., Wilhelm, O., Payne, T. W., & Engle, R. W. (2004) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.133.2.189 · Cited by 1,679 · see citing works
Principles of Learning and Memory
Murdock, B. B., & Crowder, R. G. (1977) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1422060 · Cited by 1,332 · see citing works
Verbal and Visuospatial Short-Term and Working Memory in Children: Are They Separable?
Alloway, T. P., Gathercole, S. E., & Pickering, S. J. (2006) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00968.x · Cited by 938 · see citing works
Age-of-acquisition, imagery, concreteness, familiarity, and ambiguity measures for 1,944 words
Gilhooly, K. J., & Logie, R. H. (1980) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/bf03201693 · Cited by 877 · see citing works
The primacy model: A new model of immediate serial recall.
Page, M. P. A., & Norris, D. G. (1998) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.105.4.761-781 · Cited by 790 · see citing works
Information processing rates in the elderly.
Cerella, J. (1985) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.98.1.67 · Cited by 754 · see citing works
A feature model of immediate memory
Nairne, J. S. (1990) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03213879 · Cited by 715 · see citing works
INFORMATION, ACOUSTIC CONFUSION AND MEMORY SPAN
CONRAD, R., & HULL, A. J. (1964) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1964.tb00928.x · Cited by 713 · see citing works
Spontaneous verbal rehearsal in a memory task as a function of age
Flavell, J. H., Beach, D. R., & Chinsky, J. M. (1966) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1126804 · Cited by 622 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…impose a maintenance interval between the presentation of the memoranda and their recall, as is the case in delayed span tasks such as those used by Flavell et al. (1966) or in working memory tasks that potentially provide opportunities for rehearsal in between the presentation of the…”
MethodMemory span: Sources of individual and developmental differences.
Dempster, F. N. (1981) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.89.1.63 · Cited by 587 · see citing works
Gathercole, S. E. (1998) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1017/s0021963097001753 · Cited by 581 · see citing works
Morrison, C. M., Chappell, T. D., & Ellis, A. W. (1997) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/027249897392017 · Cited by 525 · see citing works
Bayliss, D. M., Jarrold, C., Gunn, D. M., & Baddeley, A. D. (2003) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.132.1.71 · Cited by 427 · see citing works
Self-citationBird, H., Franklin, S., & Howard, D. (2001) · Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers · doi:10.3758/bf03195349 · Cited by 388 · see citing works
Visual working memory in young children
Hitch, G. J., Halliday, M. S., Schaafstal, A. M., & Schraagen, J. M. (1988) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03213479 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Working Memory Span and Phonological Awareness Tasks as Predictors of Early Reading Ability
Leather, C. V., & Henry, L. A. (1994) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1006/jecp.1994.1027 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Modeling Item Length Effects in Memory Span: No Rehearsal Needed?
Brown, G. D. A., & Hulme, C. (1995) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1006/jmla.1995.1027 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Mapping the Developmental Constraints on Working Memory Span Performance.
Bayliss, D. M., Jarrold, C., Baddeley, A., Riby, D. M., & Leigh, E. (2005) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.41.4.579 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Self-citationThe chronology of the development of covert speech in children.
Conrad, R. (1971) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0031595 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Visual and phonological components of working memory in children
Hitch, G. J., Woodin, M. E., & Baker, S. (1989) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03197067 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Short-Term Memory for Phonemically Similar Lists
Wickelgren, W. A. (1965) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1420917 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Group aggregates and individual reliability: The case of verbal short-term memory
Logie, R. H., Sala, S. D., Laiacona, M., Chalmers, P., & Wynn, V. (1996) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03213295 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
What makes working memory spans so predictive of high-level cognition?
Lépine, R., Parrouillet, P., & Camos, V. (2005) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03196363 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Do young children rehearse? An individual-differences analysis
Gathercole, S. E., Adams, A.-M., & Hitch, G. J. (1994) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03208891 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Cowan, N., AuBuchon, A. M., Gilchrist, A. L., Ricker, T. J., & Saults, J. S. (2011) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2011.01060.x · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Seven‐year‐olds allocate attention like adults unless working memory is overloaded
Cowan, N., Morey, C. C., AuBuchon, A. M., Zwilling, C. E., & Gilchrist, A. L. (2009) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2009.00864.x · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Working memory: A developmental study of phonological recoding
Palmer, S. (2000) · Memory · doi:10.1080/096582100387597 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Developmental change in working memory strategies: From passive maintenance to active refreshing.
Camos, V., & Barrouillet, P. (2011) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0023193 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
The Effects of Word Length and Phonemic Similarity in Young Children's Short-term Memory
Henry, L. A. (1991) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/14640749108400998 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Separating item and order information through process dissociation
Nairne, J. S., & Kelley, M. R. (2003) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2003.09.005 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Working memory and intelligence in children: What develops?
Swanson, H. L. (2008) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.100.3.581 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Burtt, H. E., & Washburn, M. F. (1918) · The Journal of Philosophy Psychology and Scientific Methods · doi:10.2307/2940157 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Serial-order short-term memory predicts vocabulary development: Evidence from a longitudinal study.
Leclercq, A., & Majerus, S. (2010) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0018540 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Fallon, T., Groves, K., & Tehan, G. (1999) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/002075999399602 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Vocalization-at-presentation and Immediate Recall, with Varying Recall Methods
Murray, D. J. (1966) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/14640746608400002 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Al-Namlah, A. S., Fernyhough, C., & Meins, E. (2006) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.42.1.117 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Development of working memory in childhood
Cowan, N., & Alloway, T. (2008) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203934654-16 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Tam, H., Jarrold, C., Baddeley, A., & Sabatos‐DeVito, M. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2010.05.006 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Self-citationMosse, E. K., & Jarrold, C. (2008) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470210701680779 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Self-citationAttention switching and working memory spans
Lépine, R., Bernardin, S., & Barrouillet, P. (2004) · The European Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/09541440440000014 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Jarrold, C., Baddeley, A., Hewes, A. K., Leeke, T. C., & Phillips, C. E. (2003) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2003.10.004 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Self-citationJarrold, C., Tam, H., Baddeley, A., & Harvey, C. E. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/a0022527 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationGupta, P., Lipinski, J., & Aktunç, M. E. (2005) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03193208 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Howard, D., & Franklin, S. (1990) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511665547.016 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Intact inner speech use in autism spectrum disorder: evidence from a short‐term memory task
Williams, D., Happé, F., & Jarrold, C. (2008) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01836.x · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationNeuropsychological Impairments of Short-Term Memory
Crowder, R. G., Vallar, G., & Shallice, T. (1992) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1422988 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Verbal short-term memory in children: The role of the articulator loop
Halliday, M. S., Hitch, G. J., Lennon, B., & Pettipher, C. (1990) · The European Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/09541449008406195 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Visual Encoding in Preschoolers' Serial Retention
Hayes, D. S., & Schulze, S. A. (1977) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1977.tb01269.x · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Developmental differences in the effects of acoustic similarity on memory span.
Hulme, C. (1984) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.20.4.650 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Gathercole, S. E., Briscoe, J., Thorn, A. S. C., Tiffany, C., & ALSPAC Study Team (2008) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470210701273443 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Output order in immediate serial recall
Tan, L., & Ward, G. (2007) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03193481 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
An Examination of Visual and Verbal Coding Processes in Preschool Children
Brown, R. M. (1977) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1977.tb04239.x · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Ford, S., & Silber, K. P. (1994) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-835x.1994.tb00626.x · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Input and output modality effects in immediate serial recall
Harvey, A. J., & Beaman, C. P. (2007) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658210701644677 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Development of phonological recoding and literacy acquisition: A four‐year cross‐sequential study
Palmer, S. (2000) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1348/026151000165841 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Hulme, C. (1987) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.2350010107 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Modeling distributions of immediate memory effects: No strategies needed?
Beaman, C. P., Neath, I., & Surprenant, A. M. (2008) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.34.1.219 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Jarrold, C., Cocksey, J., & Dockerill, E. (2008) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470210701202210 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationRehearsal and the development of working memory
(2010) · Explore Bristol Research · doi:10.4324/9780203845837-15 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationVerhaeghen, P. (2000) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198524380.003.0003 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
The phonetic effect in preschool children: The influence of overt rehearsal and verbal instructions
Hayes, D. S., & Rosner, S. R. (1975) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-0965(75)90114-9 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Neuropsychological impairments of short-term memory
Logie, R. H. (1996) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(96)90015-9 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 67 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Working Memory Underpins Cognitive Development, Learning, and Education
Cowan, N. (2013) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-013-9246-y · Cited by 898 · see citing works
Inner Speech: Development, Cognitive Functions, Phenomenology, and Neurobiology
Alderson-Day, B., & Fernyhough, C. (2015) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000021 · Cited by 808 · see citing works
Benchmarks for models of short-term and working memory.
Oberauer, K., Lewandowsky, S., Awh, E., Brown, G. D. A., Conway, A. R. A., Cowan, N., Donkin, C., Farrell, S., Hitch, G. J., Hurlstone, M. J., et al. (2018) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000153 · Cited by 441 · see citing works
Working Memory Maturation: Can We Get at the Essence of Cognitive Growth?
Cowan, N. (2016) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691615621279 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
“…young children attain a lower level of performance on lists of short, phonologically dissimilar items, there is less room for further decreases to result from less favorable stimulus qualities, such as phonological similarity among the list items ( Jarrold & Citroën, 2013; Jarrold & Hall, 2013).”
BackgroundWorking memory training involves learning new skills
Gathercole, S. E., Dunning, D. L., Holmes, J., & Norris, D. (2019) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2018.10.003 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Knowledge cannot explain the developmental growth of working memory capacity
Cowan, N., Ricker, T. J., Clark, K. M., Hinrichs, G. A., & Glass, B. A. (2014) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12197 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Shallice, T., & Papagno, C. (2018) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2018.10.004 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Farrell, S., Oberauer, K., Greaves, M., Pasiecznik, K., Lewandowsky, S., & Jarrold, C. (2016) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2016.03.010 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationMorey, C. C., Mareva, S., Lelonkiewicz, J. R., & Chevalier, N. (2017) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12559 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Distraction in verbal short-term memory: Insights from developmental differences
Elliott, E. M., Hughes, R. W., Briganti, A. M., Joseph, T. N., Marsh, J. E., & Macken, W. J. (2016) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2015.12.008 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
The Development of Rehearsal in Verbal Short-Term Memory
Jarrold, C., & Hall, D. (2013) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/cdep.12034 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationElliott, E. M., Morey, C. C., AuBuchon, A. M., Cowan, N., Jarrold, C., Adams, E. J., Attwood, M., Bayram, B., Beeler-Duden, S., Blakstvedt, T. Y., et al. (2021) · Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/25152459211018187 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationThe role of attention in preschoolers’ working memory
Bertrand, R., & Camos, V. (2014) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2014.10.002 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Miller, S., McCulloch, S., & Jarrold, C. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00524 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationSpurgeon, J., Ward, G., & Matthews, W. J. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/a0035784 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Development of the ability to combine visual and acoustic information in working memory
Cowan, N., Li, Y., Glass, B. A., & Saults, J. S. (2017) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12635 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Mora, G., & Camos, V. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00011 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Jarrold, C. (2016) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470218.2016.1213869 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationContrasting effects of changing rhythm and content on auditory distraction in immediate memory.
Parmentier, F. B. R., & Beaman, C. P. (2014) · Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/Revue canadienne de psychologie expérimentale · doi:10.1037/cep0000036 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Memory coding in individuals with Down syndrome
Lanfranchi, S., Toffanin, E., Zilli, S., Panzeri, B., & Vianello, R. (2013) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2013.856396 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Gordon, R., Smith-Spark, J. H., Newton, E. J., & Henry, L. A. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2019.104736 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Working memory still needs verbal rehearsal
Lucidi, A., Langerock, N., Hoareau, V., Lemaire, B., Camos, V., & Barrouillet, P. (2015) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-015-0561-z · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Poloczek, S., Henry, L. A., Danielsson, H., Büttner, G., Mähler, C., Messer, D. J., Schuchardt, K., & van der Molen, M. J. (2016) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2016.08.014 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Anderson, J. D., Wagovich, S. A., & Brown, B. T. (2019) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2018_jslhr-s-18-0039 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Auditory distraction does more than disrupt rehearsal processes in children’s serial recall
AuBuchon, A. M., McGill, C. I., & Elliott, E. M. (2018) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-018-0879-4 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Danielsson, H., Henry, L. A., Messer, D. J., Carney, D. P. J., & Rönnberg, J. (2016) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2016.03.012 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Guida, A., Fartoukh, M., & Mathy, F. (2020) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.14433 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Grouping, semantic relation and imagery effects in individuals with Down syndrome
Smith, E., & Jarrold, C. (2014) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2014.07.061 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationSmith, E., & Jarrold, C. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2014.07.002 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationJarrold, C., Danielsson, H., & Wang, X. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00299 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationThe developing impact of verbal labels on visual memories in children.
Overkott, C. S. R., Souza, A. S., & Morey, C. C. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0001305 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The effects of verbal and spatial memory load on children's processing speed
Morey, C. C., Hadley, L. V., Buttelmann, F., Könen, T., Meaney, J.-A., Bonnie Auyeung, B., Karbach, J., & Chevalier, N. (2018) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.13653 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The role of goal cueing in kindergarteners’ working memory
Fitamen, C., Blaye, A., & Camos, V. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2019.104666 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Wang, X., Logie, R. H., & Jarrold, C. (2016) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-016-0602-2 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationVergauwe, E., Besch, V., Latrèche, C., & Langerock, N. (2021) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.13104 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Differentiation of Two Working Memory Tasks Normed on a Large U.S. Sample of Children 2–7 Years Old
Cowan, N. (2021) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13562 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Gordon, R., Smith-Spark, J. H., Newton, E. J., & Henry, L. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.732182 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Lexical Access Speed and the Development of Phonological Recoding during Immediate Serial Recall
AuBuchon, A. M., Elliott, E. M., Morey, C. C., Jarrold, C., Cowan, N., Adams, E. J., Attwood, M., Bayram, B., Blakstvedt, T. Y., Büttner, G., et al. (2022) · Journal of Cognition and Development · doi:10.1080/15248372.2022.2083140 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationGuitard, D., & Saint‐Aubin, J. (2021) · Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/Revue canadienne de psychologie expérimentale · doi:10.1037/cep0000248 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-generated strategies in the phonological similarity effect
AuBuchon, A. M., & Wagner, R. L. (2023) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-023-01418-2 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Yanaoka, K., Nakayama, M., Jarrold, C., & Saito, S. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/xlm0000606 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationApplying how adults rehearse to understand how rehearsal may develop
Cowan, N., & Vergauwe, E. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01538 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Henry, L. A., Moran, A., & Messer, D. J. (2020) · The Encyclopedia of Child and Adolescent Development · doi:10.1002/9781119171492.wecad116 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Phonological span in children and adults: Does response format matter?
Oesterlen, E., & Seitz-Stein, K. (2019) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025419840709 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The development and evolution of inner speech: Hippocampal contribution
Aboitiz, F., Henríquez-Ch, R., & Álamos, F. (2025) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2025.111739 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Poloczek, S., & Jarrold, C. (2025) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2025.104674 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationOtani, K., Watanabe, R., Kuwamizu, R., Yamamoto, N., & Moriguchi, Y. (2026) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2026.107716 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
McGill, C. I., & Elliott, E. M. (2017) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-71210-9_6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Pennington, G. (2016) · Liverpool John Moores University · doi:10.24377/ljmu.t.00004372
Clerc, J., & Courbois, Y. (2017) · Journal of Cognitive Education and Psychology · doi:10.1891/1945-8959.16.2.127
Word length effects on pictorial memory encoding in 5- to 7-year-old children: An eye-tracking study
Ness, T., Johansson, R., & Psouni, E. (2020) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2020.100917
Introducing the 'BenchmarksWM' R data packagePreprint
Dutli, J., Wills, A. J., & Oberauer, K. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/vm9pq
Pensée visuelle et imagerie mentale dans l’autisme : revue de la littérature
Bled, C., & Bouvet, L. (2025) · Psychologie Française · doi:10.1016/j.psfr.2025.06.002
Age-related differences in the removal of information from working memory
Mei, S., Gao, Y., He, W., Jarrold, C., & Wang, T. (2024) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2023.105836
Self-citationChildren’s use of semantic elaboration in immediate serial order memory
Superbia-Guimarães, L., Lavers, R., Steiger, M., Hendrix, K. D., Glass, B. A., & Cowan, N. (2025) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2025.101641
A compression account of development in the ability to group information in working memory
Debraise, M., Fartoukh, M., Friedman, O., Vanni, L., & Mathy, F. (2026) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2026.106507
The emergence of the modern human Mind: Inner speech and its link to memory mechanisms
Parada-Palma, J., Álamos, F., Henríquez-Ch, R., & Aboitiz, F. (2026) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2026.150334
- Authors
- Jarrold, C., & Citroën, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Bristol (GB)
- ORCID
- Jarrold, Christopher
- Venue
- Developmental Psychology
- Published
- 2013
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 837-847
- ISSN
- 0012-1649 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-0599
- OpenAlex
- W2133781004
- Cited by
- 58
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 3
- FWCI
- 2.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Developmental Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Explore Bristol Research (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Economic and Social Research Council (RES-062-23-2467 and RES-062-23-1199)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Keywords
- rehearsal, verbal short-term memory, phonological similarity effect, recoding, children's memory development, proportional scaling, age differences, visual presentation, word recall
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Analysis of Variance, Child, Child Development, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Phonetics, Photic Stimulation, Mental Recall, Regression Analysis, Verbal Learning, Artifacts, Recognition, Psychology
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
