The interactive effects of estrogen and progesterone on changes in emotional eating across the menstrual cycle
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Studies suggest that within-person changes in estrogen and progesterone predict changes in binge eating across the menstrual cycle. However, samples have been extremely small (maximum N = 9), and analyses have not examined the interactive effects of hormones that are critical for changes in food intake in animals. The aims of the current study were to examine ovarian hormone interactions in the prediction of within-subject changes in emotional eating in the largest sample of women to date (N = 196). Participants provided daily ratings of emotional eating and saliva samples for hormone measurement for 45 consecutive days. Results confirmed that changes in ovarian hormones predict changes in emotional eating across the menstrual cycle, with a significant estradiol × progesterone interaction. Emotional eating scores were highest during the midluteal phase, when progesterone peaks and estradiol demonstrates a secondary peak. Findings extend previous work by highlighting significant interactions between estrogen and progesterone that explain midluteal increases in emotional eating. Future work should explore mechanisms (e.g., gene-hormone interactions) that contribute to both within- and between-subjects differences in emotional eating.
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The study had 80% power to detect conventionally small-to-medium effects.
“Using the Intraclass Correlations (ICCs) for each outcome and equations provided by Snijders and Bosker (1999), calculations indicated 80% power to detect conventionally small-to-medium effects (Klump et al., 2013; smallest detectible effects for cross-level interaction were f2 = .085 – .091).”
From Reproductive steroids and ADHD symptoms across the menstrual cycle (2018) · cites this paper as Klump et al., 2013
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Vincent, C., Bodnaruc, A. M., Prud’homme, D., Olson, V., & Giroux, I. (2023) · Women s Health · doi:10.1177/17455057231209536 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
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Evolution, the Menstrual Cycle, and Theoretical Overreach
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Egan, A. E., Seemiller, L. R., Packard, A. E. B., Solomon, M. B., & Ulrich‐Lai, Y. M. (2019) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2019.07.005 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Kiesner, J. (2017) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/rev0000058 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
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Self-citationGonadal Hormone Influences on Sex Differences in Binge Eating Across Development
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Štefanovský, M., Péterová, A., Vanderka, M., & Lengvarský, L. (2016) · Acta Gymnica · doi:10.5507/ag.2016.015 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
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Daily cortisol awakening response and menstrual symptoms in young females
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Murnen, S. K., & Smolak, L. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118574089.ch27 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Best practices for including sex as a variable in appetite research
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Trait Negative Affect Interacts With Ovarian Hormones to Predict Risk for Emotional Eating
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Peters, J. R., & Eisenlohr-Moul, T. A. (2019) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-019-1096-y · Cited by 16 · see citing works
- Authors
- Klump, K. L., Keel, P. K., Racine, S. E., Burt, S. A., Neale, M., Sisk, C. L., Boker, S., & Hu, J. Y.
- Affiliations
- Michigan State University (US)
- Florida State University (US)
- Virginia Commonwealth University (US)
- University of Virginia (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology
- Published
- 2013-02
- Volume
- 122
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 131-137
- ISSN
- 0021-843X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1846
- PMC
- PMC3570621
- OpenAlex
- W2041215688
- Cited by
- 195
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 10.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2012-11-12)
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01 MH082054)
- Canadian Institute for Health Research (MDR-96630)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Keywords
- emotional eating, menstrual cycle, estradiol, progesterone, ovarian hormones, hormone crosstalk, mid-luteal phase, binge eating, women
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Affect, Bulimia, Emotions, Estradiol, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Menstrual Cycle, Progesterone, Surveys and Questionnaires, Saliva, Twins, Dizygotic, Twins, Monozygotic, Young Adult
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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