Gonadal hormone contributions to individual differences in eating disorder risk

Mikhail, Megan E.; Culbert, Kristen M.; Sisk, Cheryl L.; Klump, Kelly L.

doi:10.1097/yco.0000000000000543

Cited by 26Eating Disorders and BehaviorsRegulation of Appetite and ObesityNutrition, Health and Food Behavior

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Gonadal hormone contributions to individual differences in eating disorder risk

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Mikhail, Megan E., Culbert, Kristen M., Sisk, Cheryl L., Klump, Kelly L.·2019·Current Opinion in Psychiatry

DOI 10.1097/yco.0000000000000543PMC PMC6768704

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Abstract

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Females experience eating disorders at substantially higher rates than males. Although sociocultural factors have traditionally been thought to underlie this sex disparity, accumulating evidence implicates differential exposure to gonadal hormones early in life. Gonadal hormones also impact within-sex variability in disordered eating, helping to explain why not all women develop an eating disorder, and some men do. We review recent findings regarding these gonadal hormone effects and their implications for the etiology of eating disorders. RECENT FINDINGS: Males are exposed to significantly higher testosterone levels than females perinatally, and this exposure appears to protect against later binge eating in males relative to females. Within-sex, higher estradiol levels among females and higher testosterone levels among males appear to be protective. Progesterone exhibits minimal direct phenotypic effects on disordered eating but appears to counteract the protective effects of estrogen in adult females. Importantly, gonadal hormone effects may be moderated by psychosocial factors. SUMMARY: Evidence suggests that gonadal hormones play a critical role in the etiology of disordered eating. Overall, higher testosterone and estrogen appear to be protective across development. Additional research is needed to identify mechanisms underlying these effects and further explore interactions between hormonal and psychosocial risk.

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Authors: Mikhail, M. E., Culbert, K. M., Sisk, C. L., & Klump, K. L.
Affiliations: Michigan State University (US)
University of Nevada, Las Vegas (US)
Corresponding author: Klump, Kelly L.
ORCID: Mikhail, Megan E.
Culbert, Kristen M.
Sisk, Cheryl L.
Klump, Kelly L.
Venue: Current Opinion in Psychiatry
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2019-11
Volume: 32
Issue: 6
Pages: 484-490
ISSN: 0951-7367 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1097/yco.0000000000000543
PMC: PMC6768704
OpenAlex: W2960627868
Cited by: 26
References: 69
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 4
FWCI: 0.55
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Current Opinion in Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH111715)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
Keywords: eating disorders, gonadal hormones, sex differences, testosterone, estradiol, progesterone, perinatal hormone exposure, binge eating, protective effect, etiology of eating disorders, psychosocial risk factors
MeSH terms: Animals, Feeding and Eating Disorders, Female, Humans, Individuality, Male, Pregnancy, Sex Factors, Gonadal Hormones

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