Cited by 418Bullying, Victimization, and AggressionSocial Power and Status DynamicsWorkplace Violence and Bullying

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The salience of social referents: A field experiment on collective norms and harassment behavior in a school social network.

Paluck, Elizabeth Levy, Shepherd, Hana·2012·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

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Abstract

Persistent, widespread harassment in schools can be understood as a product of collective school norms that deem harassment, and behavior allowing harassment to escalate, as typical and even desirable. Thus, one approach to reducing harassment is to change students' perceptions of these collective norms. Theory suggests that the public behavior of highly connected and chronically salient actors in a group, called social referents, may provide influential cues for individuals' perception of collective norms. Using repeated, complete social network surveys of a public high school, we demonstrate that changing the public behavior of a randomly assigned subset of student social referents changes their peers' perceptions of school collective norms and their harassment behavior. Social referents exert their influence over peers' perceptions of collective norms through the mechanism of everyday social interaction, particularly interaction that is frequent and personally motivated, in contrast to interaction shaped by institutional channels like shared classes. These findings clarify the development of collective social norms: They depend on certain patterns of and motivations for social interactions within groups across time, and are not static but constantly reshaped and reproduced through these interactions. Understanding this process creates opportunities for changing collective norms and behavior.

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Authors: Paluck, E. L., & Shepherd, H.
Affiliations: Princeton University (US)
ORCID: Paluck, Elizabeth Levy
Shepherd, Hana
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2012-12
Volume: 103
Issue: 6
Pages: 899-915
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/a0030015
OpenAlex: W2101751809
Cited by: 417
References: 38
Citations by year: 2026: 17 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 56 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 60 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 1
FWCI: 17.39
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Princeton University
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social Power and Status Dynamics
Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Workplace Violence and Bullying
Keywords: school harassment, collective norms, social referents, norm perception, peer influence, school social networks, high school students, everyday social interaction, norm change, public behavior
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Behavior Therapy, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Psychological Tests, Surveys and Questionnaires, Schools, Social Behavior, Social Perception, Social Support, Students, Treatment Outcome, Bullying

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The salience of social referents: A field experiment on collective norms and harassment behavior in a school social network.

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