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Cited by 201Racial and Ethnic Identity ResearchCounseling Practices and SupervisionResilience and Mental Health

EMBR ace: Developing a Racial Socialization Intervention to Reduce Racial Stress and Enhance Racial Coping among Black Parents and Adolescents

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Anderson, Riana E., McKenny, Monique C., Stevenson, Howard C.·2019·Family Process
DOI 10.1111/famp.12412PMC PMC8807350
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Abstract

Researchers have illustrated the deleterious psychological effects that racial discrimination has exerted on Black Americans. The resulting racial stress and trauma ( RST ) from experiences with discrimination has been linked to negative wellness outcomes and trajectories for Black youth and families. Racial socialization ( RS )—defined as the verbal and nonverbal messages that families use to communicate race to their children—can be a cultural strength and has been associated with positive outcomes in Black youth. Furthermore, the Racial Encounter Coping Appraisal and Socialization Theory ( RECAST ) encourages the frequent and competent use of RS between family members to cope with the negative impact of RST . Guided by RECAST , the purpose of this article is to describe the development of the Engaging, Managing, and Bonding through Race ( EMBR ace) intervention targeting the RS practices between Black adolescents and families. The authors explore current research on RST , discuss why traditional coping models for stress are inadequate for racially specific stressors, highlight RECAST as a burgeoning racial coping and socialization model, and describe how RS can be used as a tool to intervene within Black families. This is followed by a detailed description of the development and use of the EMBR ace intervention which seeks to reduce RST through RS psychoeducation and practice, stress management, and the promotion of bonding in Black families. This article aims to serve as an example of a culturally relevant RS intervention for Black families who may benefit from clinical treatment for psychological distress from racially discriminatory encounters.

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  1. American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
  2. Discrimination. (n.d.) In Oxford Living Dictionary. Retrieved from https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/discrimination
  3. Frazier SL, Abdul- Adil J, Atkins MS, Gathright T, & Jackson M (2007). Can’t have one without the other: Mental health providers and community parents reducing barriers to services for families in urban poverty. Journal of Community Psychology, 35, 435– 446.
  4. Gatson JD (2011). Racial socialization, racial discrimination and mental health among African American parents. (Doctoral Dissertation) University of California, Los Angeles.
  5. Greenspan SI (2002). The secure child: Helping children feel safe and confident in a changing world. Cambridge, MA, US: Perseus Publishing.
  6. Hope EC, Skoog AB, & Jagers RJ (2015). “It’ll Never Be the White Kids, It’ll Always Be Us” Black High School Students’ Evolving Critical Analysis of Racial Discrimination and Inequity in Schools. Journal of Adolescent Research, 30, 83– 112.
  7. Rollins V, & Valdez J (2006). Perceived racism and career self-efficacy in African American adolescents. Journal of Black Psychology, 32, 176– 198.
  8. Sotero M (2006). A conceptual model of historical trauma: Implications for public health practice and research. Journal of Health Disparities Research and Practice, 1, 93– 108.

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Authors
Anderson, R. E., McKenny, M. C., & Stevenson, H. C.
Affiliations
  • University of Michigan (US)
  • University of Miami (US)
  • University of Pennsylvania (US)
Corresponding author
Anderson, Riana E.
ORCID
Venue
Family Process
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2018-12-15
Volume
58
Issue
1
Pages
53-67
ISSN
  • 0014-7370 (ISSN-L)
  • 1545-5300
DOI
10.1111/famp.12412
PMC
PMC8807350
OpenAlex
W2903636848
Cited by
201
References
78
Citations by year
2026: 32 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 1
FWCI
30.71
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations
  • Family Process (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
Funders
National Institute on Aging (P30AG015281)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Counseling Practices and Supervision
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
Keywords
racial socialization, recasts, Black families, Black adolescents, racial discrimination, family bonding, psychoeducation, stress management, culturally sensitive interventions, intervention development
MeSH terms
Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Adult, Black or African American, Female, Humans, Male, Parent-Child Relations, Parents, Social Identification, Socialization, Stress, Psychological, Parenting, Racism

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