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Cited by 45Racial and Ethnic Identity ResearchSocial and Intergroup PsychologyLGBTQ Health, Identity, and Policy

Collective ethnic–racial identity and health outcomes among African American youth: Examination of promotive and protective effects

Open access
Zapolski, Tamika C. B., Beutlich, Marcy R., Fisher, Sycarah, Barnes-Najor, Jessica·2019·Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology
DOI 10.1037/cdp0000258PMC PMC6579722
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Abstract

OBJECTIVES: Racial discrimination is associated with numerous negative health outcomes, including increased risk for depression and anxiety symptoms and substance use. Positive affect toward of one's ethnic or racial group (i.e., ethnic-racial identity affirmation) has been shown to buffer the negative effects of racial discrimination on health outcomes. The extent to which one believes his or her group is valued by others (i.e., positive collective ethnic-racial identity) has also been proposed to be protective. However, to date a limited body of research has examined the moderating effect of collective ethnic-racial identity on health, and among available studies, findings are mixed. METHOD: African American youth (N = 612; 58.2% female, M grade = 8) completed measures on experiences of discrimination, mood symptoms, substance use, ethnic-racial identity affirmation, and collective ethnic-racial identity (assessed using the Collective Self-Esteem Scale). RESULTS: Controlling for demographic variables and affirmation, a significant main effect was found for collective ethnic-racial identity, such that believing that others viewed your group positively was associated with better health outcomes among African American youth. However, collective ethnic-racial identity was not found to buffer the effects of discrimination on health outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight the importance of examining collective ethnic-racial identity and the promotive effect it can have on health outcomes for African Americans. More research is needed to better understand if there are health outcomes in which collective ethnic-racial identity may also mitigate risk as a consequence of racial discrimination. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

In a sample of 612 African American youth, collective ethnic-racial identity (public collective self-esteem) had a promotive association with lower depressive and anxiety symptoms after controlling for demographics and affirmation, but it did not moderate the effects of racial discrimination on any health outcome. A post-hoc two-item version showed a significant protective moderation for substance use.

Key findings

  • After controlling for sex, grade, racial discrimination, and affirmation, collective ethnic-racial identity predicted lower depressive symptoms (β = −.17, p < .001) and lower anxiety symptoms (β = −.14, p = .001), but not substance use (β = −.05, p = .229).
  • Racial discrimination was positively associated with depressive symptoms (β = .22, p < .001), anxiety symptoms (β = .20, p < .001), and substance use (β = .15, p < .001).
  • The interaction between racial discrimination and collective ethnic-racial identity was non-significant for depressive symptoms (β = .03, p = .446), anxiety symptoms (β = .02, p = .545), and substance use (β = −.02, p = .650).
  • In a post-hoc analysis using a two-item public collective self-esteem measure (α = .74), a significant moderating effect was observed for substance use (β = −.14, p = .001), with higher collective ethnic-racial identity reducing risk for substance use as a consequence of discrimination.

Methods

  • Participants were 612 African American youth drawn from the first year of a 5-year study (2005–2009), sampled from 159 schools in 21 school districts in a large Midwestern county; most were female (n = 361, 58.4%) and in 8th grade (range 5–11).
  • Measures included a single-item past-year peer racial discrimination item; MEIM-R commitment/affirmation (α = .89); CSES-R public collective self-esteem (α = .60); CES-D depressive symptoms (α = .87); STAIC anxiety symptoms (α = .91); and a composite past-30-day substance use measure (α = .84).
  • Hierarchical regression models were run separately for depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and substance use, entering sex and grade, racial discrimination, affirmation, collective ethnic-racial identity, and the discrimination × collective identity interaction; significant interactions were probed with PROCESS Model 1.

Limitations

  • Stated: the public collective self-esteem scale had low reliability (α = .60); racial discrimination was assessed with a single item limited to peer discrimination at school; the MIBI public regard subscale was not included; future studies should use both subscales and broader discrimination measures.
  • Stated/evident: the study used only the first wave of data, so the design is cross-sectional for the tested hypotheses and cannot establish causality or longitudinal change.
  • Evident: all measures were self-report, and the school-based sample from one Midwestern county with a grade range of 5–11 may limit generalizability.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/cdp0000258

Cites

64 of 64 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 55 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    Affirmation significantly predicted lower substance use (β = −.19, p < .001).

    “In step three, affirmation significantly predicted lower substance use (β = −.19, p < .001).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Collective ethnic-racial identity had a non-significant effect on substance use above the effect of other factors (β = −.05, p = .229).

    “In step four, collective ethnic-racial identity was found to have a non-significant effect in the prediction of substance use above the effect of the other factors (β = −.05, p = .229).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    In the current study, collective ethnic-racial identity was promotive.

    “Our findings also suggest that although collective ethnic-racial identity was promotive”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Collective ethnic-racial identity had a significant negative effect on anxiety symptoms above the effect of other factors (β = −.14, p = .001).

    “In step four, collective ethnic-racial identity was found to have a significant effect in the prediction of anxiety symptoms above the effect of the other factors (β = −.14, p = .001).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    After controlling for sex and grade, racial discrimination had a significant positive effect on anxiety symptoms (β = .20, p < .001).

    “After controlling for the effect of sex and grade, racial discrimination was found to have a significant effect on anxiety symptoms (β = .20, p < .001).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 13
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 18

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Past year discrimination was positively associated with all health outcomes, whereas collective ethnic-racial identity was negatively associated with all health outcomes.

    “Regarding the variables of interest, past year discrimination was positively associated with all health outcomes, whereas collective ethnic-racial identity was negatively associated with all health outcomes.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    With the modified public collective self-esteem scale, a significant moderating effect was observed for substance use (β = −.14, p = .001), with higher collective ethnic-racial identity reducing risk for substance use as a consequence of experiencing discrimination among African American youth.

    “With the modified public collective self-esteem scale, a significant moderating effect was observed for substance use (β = −.14, p = .001), with higher collective ethnic-racial identity reducing risk for substance use as a consequence of experiencing discrimination among African American youth.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    A limited body of research has examined the moderating effect of collective ethnic-racial identity on health, and findings are mixed.

    “However, to date a limited body of research has examined the moderating effect of collective ethnic-racial identity on health, and among available studies, findings are mixed.”
    • Also stated in: § Conclusions: · plain
      “However, to date, empirical evidence of the promotive and protective effect of collective ethnic-racial identity on health outcomes for African American youth is dearth, with mixed findings particularly in regard to the protective effect of collective ethnic-racial identity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Affirmation is associated with positive psychosocial and behavioral outcomes for African American youth, including better well-being, self-esteem, social functioning, academic achievement and attitudes, and fewer externalizing behaviors, internalizing problems, and depressive symptoms.

    “Affirmation has been associated with positive psychosocial and behavioral outcomes for African American youth, including better well-being, self-esteem, social functioning, academic achievement and attitudes, and fewer externalizing behaviors, internalizing problems, and depressive symptoms (Miller-Cotto & Byrnes, 2016; Rivas-Drake et al., 2014a, Rivas-Drake et al., 2014b).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Miller-Cotto & Byrnes, 2016

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    • cites Rivas-Drake et al., 2014a

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    • cites Rivas-Drake et al., 2014b

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  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Believing that others have a positive view of one's ethnic-racial group is promotive for psychological well-being and behavioral health outcomes and can be protective against negative effects of stressors such as racial discrimination.

    “In line with theories of appraisal (Cooley, 1922; Cross, 1991), it is posited that believing that others have a positive view of your ethnic or racial group is promotive, increasing both psychological well-being and behavioral health outcomes, and can also be a protective factor against the negative effect of stressors, such as racial discrimination.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Cooley, 1922

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Cross, 1991

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  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    This finding adds support to the small, but growing, body of literature on the benefit of collective ethnic-racial identity on a number of outcomes, including elevations in academic outcomes and lower psychological distress and depression among African American youth.

    “Thus, this finding adds support to the small, but growing, body of literature on the benefit of collective ethnic-racial identity on a number of outcomes, including elevations in academic outcomes (Tang et al., 2016) and lower psychological distress and depression (Settles, Navarrete, Pagano, Abdou, & Sidanius, 2010) among African American youth.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Tang et al., 2016

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Settles, Navarrete, Pagano, Abdou, & Sidanius, 2010

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Fuller-Rowell et al. (2012) and Sellers et al. (2006) found that low public regard was promotive while high levels of public regard increased risk for substance use and health outcomes.

    “who found that low public regard (a subscale similar to pubic collective self-esteem) was promotive while high levels of public regard increased risk for substance use and health outcomes.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Fuller-Rowell et al. (2012)

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Sellers et al. (2006)

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    The STAIC had high internal consistency (α = 0.91) in the current sample.

    “The STAIC has been shown to have high internal consistency among African American youth (α = 0.86, Wasserberg, 2014), with a similar internal consistency found for the current study (α = 0.91).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Wasserberg, 2014

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Seaton (2009) found that racism increased depressive symptoms only for the alienated group, with no differences for the idealized or buffering/defensive groups.

    “Moreover, Seaton (2009) found that racism was only found to increase depressive symptoms for the alienated group, with no differences found for either the idealized or buffering/defensive groups.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Seaton (2009)

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    There is a body of research suggesting that high collective ethnic-racial identity is a risk factor for health outcomes among African American youth.

    “However, there is a second body of research that contradicts these findings, suggesting that high collective ethnic-racial identity is a risk factor for health outcomes among African American youth.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The contradictory findings may be due to the current study's focus on race-based discrimination by peer actors within school settings, whereas Fuller et al. (2012) focused on racial discrimination by teachers and Sellers et al. (2006) examined non-specific racial discrimination.

    “It is plausible that the contradictory findings may be due to the current study’s focus on race-based discrimination by peer actors within school settings, as Fuller et al. (2012) focused on racial discrimination by teachers and Sellers et al. (2006) examined non-specific racial discrimination in which the type of actor was not specified.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Fuller et al. (2012)

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Sellers et al. (2006)

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Public regard moderated the association between discrimination and substance use such that the negative relationship between discrimination and substance use was weaker for African American youth who reported low levels of public regard.

    “Fuller-Rowell et al. (2012) also found that public regard moderated the association between discrimination and substance use such that the negative relationship between discrimination and substance use was weaker for African American youth who reported low levels of public regard (i.e., believing other groups held more negative attitudes towards African Americans).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Fuller-Rowell et al., 2012

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Sex and grade were significantly correlated with most variables of interest, and thus were included as covariates in subsequent analyses.

    “Correlation analysis revealed that sex and grade were significantly correlated with most variables of interest, which was also confirmed by one-way ANOVA. Thus, sex and grade were included as covariates in subsequent analyses.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    The substance use composite had high internal consistency (coefficient alpha = 0.84) in the current sample.

    “There was high internal consistency with coefficient alphas of 0.84.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Most contemporary models of racial socialization tend to focus more on society's negative views of African Americans rather than positive views, which is associated with lower collective ethnic-racial identity.

    “Yet, most contemporary models of racial socialization, in which youth are socialized about ethnic-racial identity, racial discrimination and tools to manage race relations tend to focus more on society’s negative views of African Americans rather than positive views (Hughes et al., 2006; Priest, Walton, White, Kowal, Baker, & Paradies, 2014), which associated with lower collective ethnic-racial”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Hughes et al., 2006

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Priest, Walton, White, Kowal, Baker, & Paradies, 2014

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Rivas-Drake, Hughes, & Way, 2009

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In Chavous et al. (2003) and Seaton (2009), the majority of African American youth were in the idealized group, followed by the buffering/defensive group, and the alienated group was least common.

    “Both studies found that a majority of the youth fell into the idealized group, which was characterized by high race centrality, high private regard, and high public regard. This group was closely followed by youth who fell into the buffering/defensive group, which was characterized by high race centrality and high private regard, but low pubic regard. The least common was the alienated group, char”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Chavous et al. (2003)

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Seaton (2009)

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    The single item used to assess racial discrimination is similar to those used in previous studies to assess experiences of racial discrimination.

    “This item is similar to those used in previous studies to assess experiences of racial discrimination (Durkin et al., 2011; Fisher et al., 2015).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Durkin et al., 2011

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Fisher et al., 2015

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The current study included the affirmation dimension of ethnic-racial identity as a covariate in the model.

    “the current study included the affirmation dimension of ethnic-racial identity as a covariate in the model, which other studies often exclude.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    The public collective self-esteem subscale of the CSES-R had low internal consistency (α = 0.60) in the current sample.

    “Reliability for the scale within the current study was low (α = 0.60), although similar to the Cronbach’s alpha observed in a similar study examining the public collective self-esteem scale among an adolescent African American sample (e.g. Constantine, Donnelly, & Myers, 2002).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Constantine, Donnelly, & Myers, 2002

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    When multiple aspects of racial identity are taken into account, collective ethnic-racial identity may be less impactful compared to aspects of identity that focus on personal appraisal of one's race and attachment to that race.

    “It has been suggested that when multiple aspects of racial identity are taken into account, collective ethnic-racial identity may be less impactful in comparison to those aspects of identity that focus on personal appraisal of one’s race and attachment to that race.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Chavous et al. (2003)

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Seaton (2009)

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Positive behavioral outcomes were more likely among the idealized and buffering/defensive groups than the alienated group.

    “Positive behavioral outcomes were more likely among the idealized and buffering/defensive groups than the alienated group (Chavous, Bernat, Schmeelk-Cone, Caldwell, Kohn-Wood, & Zimmerman 2003).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Chavous, Bernat, Schmeelk-Cone, Caldwell, Kohn-Wood, & Zimmerman 2003

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    The CES-D had high internal consistency (α = 0.87) in the current sample.

    “For the current study, the scale also showed high internal consistency (α = 0.87).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    The commitment subscale of the MEIM-R had high internal consistency (α = 0.89) in the current sample.

    “The subscale had high internal consistency (α = 0.89), similar to other studies among African American youth (Else-Quest & Morse, 2015; Halgunseth, Jensen, Sakuma, & McHale, 2016).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Else-Quest & Morse, 2015

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Halgunseth, Jensen, Sakuma, & McHale, 2016

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Collective ethnic-racial identity as measured by the public collective self-esteem scale is associated with positive outcomes, including greater spiritual-centered Africultural coping styles and more positive academic attitudes among African Americans.

    “Collective ethnic-racial identity as measured by the public collective self-esteem scale has also been shown to be associated with positive outcomes, including greater spiritual-centered Africultural coping styles (Constantine, Donnelly, & Myers, 2002) and more positive academic attitudes (Tang et al., 2016) among African Americans.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Constantine, Donnelly, & Myers, 2002

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Tang et al., 2016

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    It is plausible that with a more comprehensive multi-faceted assessment of racial discrimination, the moderating effect of collective ethnic-racial identity may have been observed, and that the lack of an effect was due to the usage of a single item measure of only peer-based discrimination.

    “It is plausible that with the use of a more comprehensive multi-faceted assessment of racial discrimination, the moderating effect of collective ethnic-racial identity may have been observed, and that the lack of an effect was due to the usage of a single item measure of only peer-based discrimination.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Racial discrimination occurs in multiple contexts within and outside the school setting, and by multiple actors other than peers.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Substance use becomes more prevalent during adolescence.

    “and substance use becomes more prevalent during adolescence (Derefinko et al., 2016; Nelson, Van Ryzin, & Dishion, 2015)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Derefinko et al., 2016

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Nelson, Van Ryzin, & Dishion, 2015

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    It is plausible that the same is true for behavioral outcomes, such as substance use.

    “It is also plausible that the same is true for behavioral outcomes, such as substance use”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: No study has examined racial identity profiles on substance use outcomes as a consequence of discrimination.
27 of 27

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The sample of 612 African American youth from a large Midwestern county is representative of African American youth in general.

    “A total of 612 African American participants provided data on the variables of interest.”
    “Participants were sampled from 159 schools (21 school districts) in a large Midwestern county.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The study had adequate statistical power to detect moderating effects of collective ethnic-racial identity on health outcomes.

    “In step five, an interactive effect between racial discrimination and collective ethnic-racial identity was non-significant (β = .03, p = .446).”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Collective ethnic-racial identity influences health outcomes rather than health outcomes influencing collective ethnic-racial identity or a third variable.

    “First, findings suggest that for African American youth, believing that society holds a positive view towards their racial group is promotive, as it is associated with better psychological outcomes.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    No study has examined racial identity profiles on substance use outcomes as a consequence of discrimination.

    “however, to date no such study has examined racial identity profiles on substance use outcomes as a consequence of discrimination.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Racial discrimination occurs in multiple contexts within and outside the school setting, and by multiple actors other than peers.

    “However, racial discrimination occurs in multiple contexts within and outside the school setting, and by multiple actors other than peers (e.g., school administration, teachers, police, neighbors, strangers, etc.).”
5 of 5

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Among African American adolescent girls, collective racial self-esteem was shown to decrease the impact of race-based stressors.

    “Among AA adolescent girls, collective racial self-esteem was shown to decrease the impact of race-based stressors [52,53].”

    From Internalized Racism and Mental Health: The Moderating Role of Collective Racial Self-Esteem (2024) · cites this paper as [53]

    The background passage (labeled Abstract > Conclusions; page unavailable) reports that positive collective self-esteem buffered the effect of stereotype threats on perceived stress among African American adolescent girls. That supports a narrower version of the claim, but not race-based stressors generally: the Discussion reports that this paper’s own study found no buffering effect against racial discrimination. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Collective racial self-esteem was found to decrease symptoms of depression and anxiety among African American boys and girls.

    “Furthermore, it was found to decrease symptoms of depression and anxiety among AA boys and girls [53].”

    From Internalized Racism and Mental Health: The Moderating Role of Collective Racial Self-Esteem (2024) · cites this paper as [53]

    The Results (Direct and moderating role of collective ethnic-racial identity on health outcomes) report that higher collective ethnic-racial identity predicted lower depressive and anxiety symptoms in a sample of African American youth that included boys and girls. The study reports associations, not a demonstrated decrease in symptoms over time or separate effects for boys and girls. (LLM, conf=0.85)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Abstract and Methods report different female percentages

    Minor

    The abstract reports 58.2% female, whereas the Methods section reports 58.4% for the study sample.

1 of 1

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 3

  1. Hughes D, Way N, & Rivas-Drake D (2011). Stability and change in private and public ethnic regard among African American, Puerto Rican, Dominican, and Chinese American early adolescents. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21(4), 861– 870. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-7795.2011.00744. · DOI
  2. Radloff LS (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385– 401.
  3. Sullivan JM, & Platenburg GN (2017). From Black-ish to Blackness: An Analysis of Black Information Sources’ Influence on Black Identity Development. Journal of Black Studies, 48(3), 215– 234

Cited by

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Related

Authors
Zapolski, T. C. B., Beutlich, M. R., Fisher, S., & Barnes-Najor, J.
Affiliations
  • Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis (US)
  • Ball State University (US)
  • University of Kentucky (US)
  • Michigan State University (US)
Corresponding author
Zapolski, Tamika C. B.
ORCID
Venue
Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology
Publisher
American Psychological Association (APA)
Published
2019-07
Volume
25
Issue
3
Pages
388-396
ISSN
  • 1077-341X (ISSN-L)
  • 1939-0106
  • 1099-9809
DOI
10.1037/cdp0000258
PMC
PMC6579722
OpenAlex
W2905309612
Semantic Scholar
fd1cee69bc5089807c3ab0e7d63b29cade19cc53
Cited by
45
References
64
Citations by year
2026: 6 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 2
FWCI
4.54
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • IUScholarWorks (Indiana University) (submittedVersion)
  • Purdue University Indianapolis (Indiana University) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health (K01DA043654, DA05312)
  • National Institute on Drug Abuse (P30DA027827, R25DA035163)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › LGBTQ Health, Identity, and Policy
Keywords
racial discrimination, African American youth, mood symptoms, depression, anxiety, substance use, protective effect, collective self-esteem
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Affect, Black or African American, Ethnicity, Female, Health Status, Humans, Male, Social Identification, Substance-Related Disorders, Racism

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