Schoolwork engagement and burnout among Finnish high school students and young adults: profiles, progressions and educational outcomes.
Abstract
Applying a person-centered approach, the primary aim of this study was to examine what profiles of schoolwork engagement and burnout (i.e., exhaustion, cynicism, inadequacy) can be identified in high school (N = 979) and among the same participants in young adulthood (ages ranging from 17 to 25). We also examined gender differences, group differences in academic and socioemotional functioning and long-term educational outcomes, and temporal stability in the group memberships. Latent profile analysis identified 4 groups of students in high school. Both engaged (44%) and engaged-exhausted (28%) students were engaged and doing well in school, although engaged-exhausted students were more stressed and preoccupied with possible failures. Cynical (14%) and burned-out (14%) students were less engaged, valued school less, and had lower academic achievement. Cynical students, however, were less stressed, exhausted, and depressed than burned-out students. Six years later, engaged students were more likely than predicted by chance to attend university. In young adulthood, 4 similar groups were identified. Configural frequency analysis indicated that it was typical for engaged students to stay in the engaged group and for engaged-exhausted students to move into a more disengaged group. The results on broadband stability from adolescence to young adulthood showed that 60% of the youth manifested stable engaged and 7% stable disengaged patterns, whereas 16% displayed emergent engagement and 17% emergent disengagement patterns. Overall, the findings demonstrate that adolescence is not a uniform time for either school engagement and well-being or disengagement and distress.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Previous studies in educational contexts among elementary, high school, and higher education students have identified three to five profiles: engaged, engaged-burnout, and burnout profiles.
“Previous studies in educational context, among elementary (Salmela-Aro et al., 2017), high school (Tuominen-Soini and Salmela-Aro, 2014) and higher education (Salmela-Aro and Read, 2016) students rather than teachers have identified three to five profiles, engaged, engaged-burnout and burnout profiles.”
From Work Burnout and Engagement Profiles Among Teachers (2019) · cites this paper as Tuominen-Soini and Salmela-Aro, 2014
Earlier studies have shown the engaged-exhausted group to be at risk of depressive symptoms later on.
“Earlier studies have shown this group in particular to be risk of depressive symptoms later on (Tuominen-Soini and Salmela-Aro, 2014).”
From Work Burnout and Engagement Profiles Among Teachers (2019) · cites this paper as Tuominen-Soini and Salmela-Aro, 2014
Cites
Society and the Adolescent Self-Image
Rosenberg, M. (1965) · doi:10.1515/9781400876136 · Cited by 30,126 · see citing works
School Engagement: Potential of the Concept, State of the Evidence
Fredricks, J. A., Blumenfeld, P. C., & Paris, A. H. (2004) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543074001059 · Cited by 12,581 · see citing works
The Measurement of Work Engagement With a Short Questionnaire: A Cross-National Study
Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., & Salanova, M. (2006) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164405282471 · Cited by 7,403 · see citing works
Testing the number of components in a normal mixture
Lo, Y. (2001) · Biometrika · doi:10.1093/biomet/88.3.767 · Cited by 4,640 · see citing works
Burnout and Engagement in University Students: A Cross-National Study
Schaufeli, W. B., Martínez, I. M., Pinto, A. M., Salanova, M., & Bakker, A. B. (2002) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022102033005003 · Cited by 3,418 · see citing works
Student engagement with school: Critical conceptual and methodological issues of the construct
Appleton, J. J., Christenson, S. L., & Furlong, M. J. (2008) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.20303 · Cited by 1,956 · see citing works
Development of Achievement Motivation
Wigfield, A., Eccles, J. S., Schiefele, U., Roeser, R. W., & Davis-Kean, P. E. (2007) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470147658.chpsy0315 · Cited by 1,870 · see citing works
Measuring cognitive and psychological engagement: Validation of the Student Engagement Instrument
Appleton, J. J., Christenson, S. L., Kim, D., & Reschly, A. L. (2006) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2006.04.002 · Cited by 1,858 · see citing works
Vermunt, J. K., & Magidson, J. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511499531.004 · Cited by 1,815 · see citing works
Jacobs, J. E., Lanza, S. T., Osgood, D. W., Eccles, J. S., & Wigfield, A. (2002) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00421 · Cited by 1,800 · see citing works
Eccles, J. S., & Wigfield, A. (1995) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167295213003 · Cited by 1,641 · see citing works
Motivation and Schooling in the Middle Grades
Anderman, E. M., & Maehr, M. L. (1994) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543064002287 · Cited by 914 · see citing works
Little, B. R. (1983) · Environment and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0013916583153002 · Cited by 884 · see citing works
Toward an Understanding of Definitions and Measures of School Engagement and Related Terms
Jimerson, S. R., Campos, E., & Greif, J. L. (2003) · The California School Psychologist · doi:10.1007/bf03340893 · Cited by 811 · see citing works
School Burnout Inventory (SBI)
Salmela‐Aro, K., Kiuru, N. H., Leskinen, E., & Nurmi, J. (2009) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759.25.1.48 · Cited by 811 · see citing works
Self-citationLi, Y., & Lerner, R. M. (2011) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0021307 · Cited by 733 · see citing works
Wang, M., & Eccles, J. S. (2012) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2011.00753.x · Cited by 667 · see citing works
School burnout and engagement in the context of demands-resources model.
Salmela‐Aro, K., & Upadyaya, K. (2014) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjep.12018 · Cited by 562 · see citing works
Self-citationRoeser, R. W., Eccles, J. S., & Sameroff, A. J. (1998) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579498001631 · Cited by 520 · see citing works
Adolescent Behavioral, Affective, and Cognitive Engagement in School: Relationship to Dropout
Archambault, I., Janosz, M., Morizot, J., & Pagani, L. S. (2009) · Journal of School Health · doi:10.1111/j.1746-1561.2009.00428.x · Cited by 472 · see citing works
School Engagement Trajectories and Their Differential Predictive Relations to Dropout
Janosz, M., Archambault, I., Morizot, J., & Pagani, L. S. (2008) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2008.00546.x · Cited by 452 · see citing works
Wang, M., Willett, J. B., & Eccles, J. S. (2011) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2011.04.001 · Cited by 433 · see citing works
Upadyaya, K., & Salmela‐Aro, K. (2013) · European Psychologist · doi:10.1027/1016-9040/a000143 · Cited by 405 · see citing works
Self-citationAdolescent educational success and mental health vary across school engagement profiles.
Wang, M.-T., & Peck, S. C. (2013) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0030028 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Tuominen, H., Salmela‐Aro, K., & Niemivirta, M. (2012) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2012.01.002 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Self-citationDaniels, L. M., Haynes, T. L., Stupnisky, R. H., Perry, R. P., Newall, N. E. G., & Pekrun, R. H. (2007) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2007.08.002 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Achievement goal orientations and subjective well-being: A person-centred analysis
Tuominen, H., Salmela‐Aro, K., & Niemivirta, M. (2007) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2007.05.003 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Schoolwork Engagement Inventory
Salmela‐Aro, K., & Upadaya, K. (2011) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000091 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Self-citationGendered pathways in school burnout among adolescents
Salmela‐Aro, K., & Tynkkynen, L. (2012) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.01.001 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Self-citationSalokangas, R. K. R., Poutanen, O., & Stengård, E. (1995) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1995.tb09536.x · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Stability and change in achievement goal orientations: A person-centered approach
Tuominen, H., Salmela‐Aro, K., & Niemivirta, M. (2010) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2010.08.002 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Self-citationAcademic Functioning and Mental Health in Adolescence
Roeser, R. W., Eccles, J. S., & Freedman-Doan, C. R. (1999) · Journal of Adolescent Research · doi:10.1177/0743558499142002 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Salmela‐Aro, K. (2009) · Advances in Life Course Research · doi:10.1016/j.alcr.2009.03.003 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Person and the Variable in Developmental Psychology
Bergman, L. R., & Andersson, H. (2010) · Zeitschrift für Psychologie · doi:10.1027/0044-3409/a000025 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Peer relationships as a context for the development of school engagement during early adolescence
Li, Y., Lynch, A. D., Kalvin, C. B., Liu, J., & Lerner, R. M. (2011) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025411402578 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Roeser, R. W., & Peck, S. C. (2003) · New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development · doi:10.1002/cd.81 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Roeser, R. W., Strobel, K. R., & Quihuis, G. (2002) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/1061580021000056519 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Niemivirta, M. (2002) · PSYCHOLOGIA · doi:10.2117/psysoc.2002.250 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Li, Y., Zhang, W., Liu, J., Arbeit, M. R., Schwartz, S. J., Bowers, E. P., & Lerner, R. M. (2011) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2011.07.003 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Roeser, R. W., Galloway, M. K., Casey-Cannon, S., Watson, C. M., Keller, L., & Tan, E. (2008) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/0272431607308676 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Tuominen, H. (2012) · Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Burnout among high school students: A literature review
Walburg, V. (2014) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2014.03.020 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
Study engagement and burnout profiles among Finnish higher education students.
Salmela-Aro, K., & Read, S. (2017) · Burnout Research · doi:10.1016/j.burn.2017.11.001 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Self-citationWang, M., Chow, A., Hofkens, T. L., & Salmela‐Aro, K. (2014) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2014.11.004 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Self-citationSalmela‐Aro, K., Upadyaya, K., Hakkarainen, K., Lonka, K., & Alho, K. (2016) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-016-0494-2 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Self-citationAcademic Engagement: An Overview of Its Definitions, Dimensions, and Major Conceptualisations
Alrashidi, O., Phan, H. P., & Ngu, B. H. (2016) · International Education Studies · doi:10.5539/ies.v9n12p41 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
The person-oriented approach to burnout: A systematic review
Mäkikangas, A., & Kinnunen, U. M. (2015) · Burnout Research · doi:10.1016/j.burn.2015.12.002 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Study Demands–Resources Theory: Understanding Student Well-Being in Higher Education
Bakker, A. B., & Mostert, K. (2024) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-024-09940-8 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Salmela‐Aro, K., Moeller, J., Schneider, B., Judy, J., & Lavonen, J. (2016) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2016.01.001 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Self-citationWork Burnout and Engagement Profiles Among Teachers
Salmela-Aro, K., Hietajärvi, L., & Lonka, K. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02254 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Self-citationKorhonen, J., Tapola, A., Linnanmäki, K., & Pirjo Aunio, A. (2016) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2016.08.006 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Dark and bright sides of thriving – school burnout and engagement in the Finnish context
Salmela‐Aro, K. (2016) · European Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17405629.2016.1207517 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Self-citationSalmela‐Aro, K., & Upadyaya, K. (2020) · European Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17405629.2020.1785860 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Self-citationSalmela‐Aro, K., Upadyaya, K., Vinni‐Laakso, J., & Hietajärvi, L. (2021) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12654 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Self-citationInvestigating optimal learning moments in U.S. and finnish science classes
Schneider, B., Krajcik, J. S., Lavonen, J., Salmela‐Aro, K., Broda, M., Judy, J., Bruner, J., Moeller, J., Linnansaari, J., Juuti, K., et al. (2015) · Journal of Research in Science Teaching · doi:10.1002/tea.21306 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Self-citationHerrmann, J., Koeppen, K., & Kessels, U. (2018) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2018.11.011 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Gasser, L., Grütter, J., Buholzer, A., & Wettstein, A. (2017) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2017.08.003 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
School burnout and engagement profiles among digital natives in Finland: a person-oriented approach
Salmela-Aro, K., Muotka, J., Alho, K., Hakkarainen, K., & Lonka, K. (2016) · European Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17405629.2015.1107542 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Self-citationVirtanen, T. E., Vasalampi, K., Torppa, M., Lerkkanen, M., & Nurmi, J. (2018) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2018.12.001 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Watt, H. M. G., Bucich, M., & Dacosta, L. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00990 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Student Engagement in Adolescence: A Scoping Review of Longitudinal Studies 2010–2020
Salmela‐Aro, K., Tang, X., Symonds, J., & Upadyaya, K. (2021) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12619 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Self-citationHighly engaged but burned out: intra-individual profiles in the US workforce
Moeller, J., Ivcevic, Z., White, A., Menges, J. I., & Brackett, M. (2018) · Career Development International · doi:10.1108/cdi-12-2016-0215 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Luo, Y., Wang, Z., Zhang, H., Chen, A., & Quan, S. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.08.056 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Cadime, I., Pinto, A. M., Lima, S., Rego, S., Pereira, J., & Ribeiro, I. (2016) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.10.003 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
School burnout and psychosocial problems among adolescents: Grit as a resilience factor
Tang, X., Upadyaya, K., & Salmela‐Aro, K. (2020) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2020.12.002 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Self-citationStudy Demands-Resources Model of Student Engagement and Burnout
Salmela‐Aro, K., Tang, X., & Upadyaya, K. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-07853-8_4 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Self-citationLöfstedt, P., García‐Moya, I., Corell, M., Paniagua, C. T., Samdal, O., Välimaa, R. S., Lyyra, N., Currie, D. B., & Rasmussen, M. (2020) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.03.007 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Widlund, A., Tuominen, H., & Korhonen, J. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00297 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Helicopter Parenting, Self-Control, and School Burnout among Emerging Adults
Love, H., May, R. W., Cui, M., & Fincham, F. D. (2019) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-019-01560-z · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Salmela‐Aro, K., Upadyaya, K., Ronkainen, I., & Hietajärvi, L. (2022) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-022-00518-1 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Self-citationStudents’ Burnout at University: The Role of Gender and Worker Status
Fiorilli, C., Barni, D., Russo, C., Marchetti, V., Angelini, G., & Romano, L. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191811341 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
In-the-Moment Profiles of Expectancies, Task Values, and Costs
Dietrich, J., Moeller, J., Guo, J., Viljaranta, J., & Kracke, B. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01662 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Student Engagement and School Burnout in Finnish Lower-Secondary Schools: Latent Profile Analysis
Virtanen, T. E., Lerkkanen, M., Poikkeus, A., & Kuorelahti, M. (2016) · Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00313831.2016.1258669 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Parhiala, P., Torppa, M., Vasalampi, K., Eklund, K., Poikkeus, A., & Aro, T. I. (2017) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2017.12.003 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Burnout risk profiles among French psychologists
Berjot, S., Altıntaş, E., Grebot, E., & Lesage, F. (2017) · Burnout Research · doi:10.1016/j.burn.2017.10.001 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Am I in the right place? Academic engagement and study success during the first years at university
Ketonen, E. E., Haarala-Muhonen, A., Hirsto, L., Hänninen, J. J., Wähälä, K., & Lonka, K. (2016) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2016.08.017 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Primary school students’ perceived social support in relation to study engagement
Rautanen, P., Soini, T., Pietarinen, J., & Pyhältö, K. (2020) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s10212-020-00492-3 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Zhu, Q., Cheong, Y., Wang, C., & Tong, J. S. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01611-z · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Predicting student engagement from self-efficacy and autonomous motivation: A cross-sectional study
Azila-Gbettor, E. M., Mensah, C., Abiemo, M. K., & Bokor, M. J. (2021) · Cogent Education · doi:10.1080/2331186x.2021.1942638 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Early Antecedents of School Burnout in Upper Secondary Education: A Five-year Longitudinal Study
Parviainen, M., Aunola, K., Torppa, M., Lerkkanen, M., Poikkeus, A., & Vasalampi, K. (2020) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-020-01331-w · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Vansoeterstede, A., Cappe, É., Lichtlé, J., & Boujut, É. (2022) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1002/jad.12121 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Widlund, A., Tuominen, H., & Korhonen, J. (2021) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2021.101997 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Asikainen, H., Nieminen, J. H., Häsä, J., & Katajavuori, N. (2021) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2021.102105 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Hietajärvi, L., Salmela‐Aro, K., Tuominen, H., Hakkarainen, K., & Lonka, K. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.11.049 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citationAssunção, H., Lin, S., Sit, P., Cheung, K., Harju‐Luukkainen, H., Smith, T. J., Maloa, B. F. S., Campos, J. Á. D. B., Stepanovic-Ilic, I., Esposito, G., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02796 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
School engagement and intentional self‐regulation: A reciprocal relation in adolescence
Stefánsson, K. K., Gestsdóttir, S., Birgisdóttir, F., & Lerner, R. M. (2018) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2018.01.005 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Ketonen, E. E., Malmberg, L., Salmela‐Aro, K., Muukkonen, H., Tuominen, H., & Lonka, K. (2018) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2018.11.001 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationThe growth of entrepreneurial human capital: origins and development of skill variety
Krieger, A., Stuetzer, M., Obschonka, M., & Salmela-Aro, K. (2021) · Small Business Economics · doi:10.1007/s11187-021-00555-9 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationRose, T., McDonald, A. R., Mach, T. V., Witherspoon, D. P., & Lambert, S. F. (2019) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-019-01135-7 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Vinter, K., Aus, K., & Arro, G. (2020) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2020.1855631 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Evaluation of Students’ Engagement in Integrated Learning Model in A Blended Environment
Baranova, T. A., Khalyapina, L., Kobicheva, A. M., & Tokareva, E. (2019) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci9020138 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Student Engagement and School Dropout: Theories, Evidence, and Future Directions
Archambault, I., Janosz, M., Olivier, É., & Dupéré, V. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-07853-8_16 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Middle school engagement profiles: Implications for motivation and achievement in science
Bae, C. L., & DeBusk-Lane, M. (2019) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2019.101753 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Parviainen, M., Aunola, K., Torppa, M., Poikkeus, A., & Vasalampi, K. (2020) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2020.101853 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Namaziandost, E., Rezai, A., Heydarnejad, T., & Kruk, M. (2023) · Thinking Skills and Creativity · doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2023.101409 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
The Importance of Job Demands and Supports: Promoting Retention Among Child Welfare Workers
Radey, M. D., & Wilke, D. J. (2021) · Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal · doi:10.1007/s10560-021-00762-z · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Salmela‐Aro, K., & Upadyaya, K. (2017) · Research in Human Development · doi:10.1080/15427609.2017.1305809 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationEngels, M., Pakarinen, E., Lerkkanen, M., & Verschueren, K. (2019) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2019.07.012 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Jiang, Y., & Zhang, L. (2022) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2022.102252 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Chen, C., Shen, Y., Zhu, Y., Xiao, F., Zhang, J., & Ni, J. (2023) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s408591 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Tuovinen, S., Tang, X., & Salmela‐Aro, K. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.590748 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationImmigrant status, gender, and school burnout in Finnish lower secondary school students
Salmela‐Aro, K., Read, S., Minkkinen, J., Kinnunen, J. M., & Rimpelä, A. (2017) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025417690264 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationSantos, A. C., Simões, C., Melo, M. H. D. S., Santos, M. F., Freitas, I. D. S., Branquinho, C., Cefai, C., & Arriaga, P. (2023) · Educational Research Review · doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2023.100535 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Luo, Y., Wang, Z., Zhang, H., & Chen, A. (2016) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-016-0400-2 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Luo, Y., Zhang, H., & Chen, G. (2020) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105482 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Gerber, M., Colledge, F., Mücke, M., Schilling, R., Brand, S., & Ludyga, S. (2018) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-018-1841-5 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Students’ school climate perceptions: do engagement and burnout matter?
Molinari, L., & Grazia, V. (2021) · Learning Environments Research · doi:10.1007/s10984-021-09384-9 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
The Development and Validity of a Chinese Version of the Compound Remote Associates Test
Shen, W., Yuan, Y., Liu, C., Yi, B., & Dou, K. (2016) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5406/amerjpsyc.129.3.0245 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Aunola, K., Sorkkila, M., Viljaranta, J., Tolvanen, A. J., & Ryba, T. V. (2018) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2018.10.001 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Liu, X., Zhang, L., Wu, G., Yang, R., & Liang, Y. (2021) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2021.02.001 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Symonds, J. E., Dietrich, J., Chow, A., & Salmela‐Aro, K. (2016) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0040118 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationSymonds, J. E., Schoon, I., & Salmela‐Aro, K. (2016) · British Educational Research Journal · doi:10.1002/berj.3243 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationEngagement profiles of elementary students in urban schools
Bae, C. L. L., DeBusk‐Lane, M., & Lester, A. M. (2020) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2020.101880 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Moeller, J. (2022) · Journal for Person-Oriented Research · doi:10.17505/jpor.2021.23795 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Yu, J., Wang, Y., Tang, X., Wu, Y., Tang, X., & Huang, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.767616 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Erentaitė, R., Vosylis, R., Gabrialavičiūtė, I., & Raižienė, S. (2018) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-017-0806-1 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Emotional engagement, educational aspirations, and their association during secondary school
Gutman, L. M., & Schoon, I. (2018) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2018.05.014 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Teuber, Z., Tang, X., Salmela‐Aro, K., & Wild, E. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.638189 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationReciprocal effects of mathematics performance, school engagement and burnout during adolescence
Widlund, A., Tuominen, H., & Korhonen, J. (2022) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjep.12548 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Huttunen, I., Upadyaya, K., & Salmela‐Aro, K. (2024) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2024.102537 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationAcademic Burden and Emotional Problems Among Adolescents: A Longitudinal Mediation Analysis
Wang, J., Wang, Z., Yang, Y., Wang, T., Lin, H., Zhang, W., Chen, X., & Fu, C. (2025) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1002/jad.12471 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Gutiérrez, M., Sancho, P., Galiana, L., & Tomás, J. M. (2018) · Universitas Psychologica · doi:10.11144/javeriana.upsy17-5.aspn · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Virtanen, T. E., Vasalampi, K., Kiuru, N. H., Lerkkanen, M., & Poikkeus, A. (2019) · Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00313831.2019.1639816 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
School burnout and sleep in Finnish secondary school students
Lehto, J. E., Kortesoja, L., & Partonen, T. (2019) · Sleep Science · doi:10.5935/1984-0063.20190051 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
He, Q., Zhao, B., Hua, W., & Huang, F. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.963492 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
May, R. W., Bauer, K. N., Seibert, G. S., Jaurequi, M. E., & Fincham, F. D. (2020) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2020.101821 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
The happy learner: Effects of academic boredom, burnout, and engagement
Bekker, C. I., Rothmann, S., & Kloppers, M. M. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.974486 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Crossover of burnout in the classroom – Is teacher exhaustion transmitted to students?
Tikkanen, L., Pyhältö, K., Soini, T., & Pietarinen, J. (2021) · International Journal of School & Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/21683603.2021.1942343 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Fu, W., Li, Y., Liu, Y., Li, D., Wang, G., Liu, Y., Zhang, T., & Zheng, Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1089570 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Juntunen, H., Tuominen, H., Viljaranta, J., Hirvonen, R., Toom, A., & Niemivirta, M. (2022) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2022.2135686 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Özhan, M. B., & Yüksel, G. (2021) · International Journal of Contemporary Educational Research · doi:10.33200/ijcer.824488 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Raufelder, D., Hoferichter, F., Hirvonen, R., & Kiuru, N. H. (2022) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2022.102117 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
The Role of Career Adaptability and Academic Engagement in College Student’s Life Satisfaction
Oliveira, Í. M., & Marques, C. (2024) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph21050596 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Profiles of School Disengagement
Fredricks, J. A., Ye, F., Wang, M., & Brauer, S. Z. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813413-9.00003-6 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Azila-Gbettor, E. M., & Abiemo, M. K. (2020) · Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education · doi:10.1108/jarhe-04-2020-0079 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Cho, S., Lee, M., & Lee, S. M. (2022) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941211054776 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Upper secondary students’ situational interest in physics learning in Finland and Chile
Lavonen, J., Ávalos, B., Upadyaya, K., Araneda, S., Juuti, K., Cumsille, P. E., Inkinen, J., & Salmela‐Aro, K. (2021) · International Journal of Science Education · doi:10.1080/09500693.2021.1978011 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationBaranova, T. A., Kobicheva, A. M., Tokareva, E., & Mokhorov, D. (2022) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-022-11024-5 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Leonard, S. S., Stiles, A. A., & Gudiño, O. G. (2016) · School Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s12310-016-9186-z · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Kim, K. T. (2020) · Universal Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.13189/ujer.2020.080926 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Högberg, B., & Horn, D. (2022) · European Sociological Review · doi:10.1093/esr/jcac009 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
- Authors
- Tuominen-Soini, H., & Salmela-Aro, K.
- Venue
- Developmental Psychology
- Published
- 2014-03
- Volume
- 50
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 649-662
- ISSN
- 0012-1649 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-0599
- OpenAlex
- W2331610996
- Cited by
- 301
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 6
- FWCI
- 16.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Developmental Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Academy of Finland (134931 and 139168)
- Jacobs Foundation
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Stress and Burnout Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Education, Achievement, and Giftedness
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Workaholism, burnout, and well-being
- Keywords
- burnout, high school students, young adults, latent profiles, academic performance, social-emotional functioning, gender differences, educational outcomes, college attendance, temporal stability, adolescence, early adulthood, exhaustion, cynicism, inadequacy, stress, disengagement
- MeSH terms
- Achievement, Adolescent, Adult, Attitude, Educational Status, Female, Finland, Humans, Male, Personal Satisfaction, Schools, Sex Characteristics, Students, Cluster Analysis, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
