Evidence for the preferential incorporation of emotional waking-life experiences into dreams.
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The continuity hypothesis of dreaming states that waking life is continuous with\ndreams, but many of the factors that have been postulated to influence wake–dream\ncontinuity have rarely been studied. The present study investigated whether certain\nfactors—emotional and stressfulness intensity, and certain types of experiences—\ninfluence the likelihood of a waking-life experience being incorporated into a dream.\nParticipants (N � 32) kept dream diaries and waking-life experience logs for 14\nconsecutive days, and waking-life experiences were matched to dream reports.\nWaking-life experiences that were incorporated into dreams were significantly more\nemotional, but no more stressful, than those that were not incorporated into dreams.\nMajor daily activities were incorporated significantly less than the combination of\npersonally significant experiences, major concerns, and novel experiences. Results are\ndiscussed in terms of dream functionality, particularly in relation to a postulated\nemotional memory assimilation theory of dream function.
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Waking-life experiences that are incorporated into dreams are more emotionally intense than those that are not incorporated.
“waking-life experiences that are incorporated into dreams are more emotionally intense than those that are not incorporated (Schredl, 2006; Malinowski and Horton, 2014)”
From Incorporation of recent waking-life experiences in dreams correlates with frontal theta activity in REM sleep (2018) · cites this paper as Malinowski and Horton, 2014
Emotional and personally significant experiences are preferentially incorporated into dreams.
“emotional and personally significant experiences are preferentially incorporated (Cartwright et al., 1998b, 2006; Schredl, 2006; Propper et al., 2007; Malinowski and Horton, 2014)”
From Incorporation of recent waking-life experiences in dreams correlates with frontal theta activity in REM sleep (2018) · cites this paper as Malinowski and Horton, 2014
Dream contents from REM sleep have a higher probability to include incorporated waking-life experiences, especially when related to salient emotional events.
“Dream contents from REM sleep showed a higher probability to include incorporated waking-life experiences (Schredl, 2006; Malinowski and Horton, 2014; Eichenlaub et al., 2018), especially when related to salient emotional events (Voss and Klimke, 2018).”
From The Functional Role of Dreaming in Emotional Processes (2019) · cites this paper as Malinowski and Horton, 2014
Emotional intensity is higher for daytime experiences that are incorporated into dreams, relative to those which do not appear in dreams.
“In support of this view, emotional intensity is reportedly higher for daytime experiences that are incorporated into dreams, relative to those which do not appear in dreams [32, 33].”
From Constructive episodic simulation in dreams (2022) · cites this paper as [32]
Dreams incorporate fragments of episodic memory in a non-random fashion, perhaps preferentially including episodic memory content of special significance or salience to the dreamer.
“Together, these observations suggest that dreams incorporate fragments of episodic memory in a non-random fashion, perhaps preferentially including episodic memory content of special significance or salience to the dreamer.”
From Constructive episodic simulation in dreams (2022) · cites this paper as [32]
Experiences that take up a large amount of time, such as reading or working on a computer, appear in dreams less often than shorter-duration but potentially more meaningful categories of events, including social interactions and experiences rated as significant, novel, or concerning.
“Experiences that take up a large amount of our time, such as reading or working on a computer, appear in dreams less often than shorter-duration but potentially more meaningful categories of events, including social interactions and experiences rated as being significant, novel, or concerning [32, 33].”
From Constructive episodic simulation in dreams (2022) · cites this paper as [32]
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“In support of this view, emotional intensity is reportedly higher for daytime experiences that are incorporated into dreams, relative to those which do not appear in dreams [32, 33].”
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- Authors
- Malinowski, J., & Horton, C. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Bedfordshire (GB)
- Leeds Beckett University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Horton, Caroline L.
- Venue
- Dreaming
- Published
- 2014-03
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 18-31
- ISSN
- 1053-0797 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3351
- OpenAlex
- W2324641198
- Cited by
- 101
- References
- 82
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 5.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Dreaming (publishedVersion)
- BGRO - Business, Governance and Religious Organisations Repository (acceptedVersion)
- UEL Research Repository (University of East London) (acceptedVersion)
- UEL Research Repository (University of East London) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- stress, dream function, novel experience, dream diary
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