Cited by 364Cognitive Abilities and TestingPsychometric Methodologies and TestingIntergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 268 of the 268 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 34 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.

The Flynn effect: A meta-analysis.

Open access

Trahan, Lisa H., Stuebing, Karla K., Fletcher, Jack M., Hiscock, Merrill·2014·Psychological Bulletin

DOI 10.1037/a0037173PMC PMC4152423

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The Flynn effect refers to the observed rise in IQ scores over time, which results in norms obsolescence. Although the Flynn effect is widely accepted, most efforts to estimate it have relied upon "scorecard" approaches that make estimates of its magnitude and error of measurement controversial and prevent determination of factors that moderate the Flynn effect across different IQ tests. We conducted a meta-analysis to determine the magnitude of the Flynn effect with a higher degree of precision, to determine the error of measurement, and to assess the impact of several moderator variables on the mean effect size. Across 285 studies (N = 14,031) since 1951 with administrations of 2 intelligence tests with different normative bases, the meta-analytic mean was 2.31, 95% CI [1.99, 2.64], standard score points per decade. The mean effect size for 53 comparisons (N = 3,951, excluding 3 atypical studies that inflate the estimates) involving modern (since 1972) Stanford-Binet and Wechsler IQ tests (2.93, 95% CI [2.3, 3.5], IQ points per decade) was comparable to previous estimates of about 3 points per decade but was not consistent with the hypothesis that the Flynn effect is diminishing. For modern tests, study sample (larger increases for validation research samples vs. test standardization samples) and order of administration explained unique variance in the Flynn effect, but age and ability level were not significant moderators. These results supported previous estimates of the Flynn effect and its robustness across different age groups, measures, samples, and levels of performance.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/a0037173

Cites

268 of 268 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

21 tests recomputed · 0 with the reported and recomputed p on opposite sides of .05

Claims the paper makes

0 of 34 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

Show all 81 claims

It may state two separate claims as one. 42
Probably not a substantial claim. 35

A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mean effect over 285 total studies (n = 14,031) in the random effects model was 0.231 IQ points per year, 95% CI [0.20, 0.26], z = 14.10, p < .0001, with a confidence interval and p-value indicating that the Flynn effect is different from zero1.”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Results > Overall Model
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedn = 14,031
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The 27 multifactorial tests chosen represent the major IQ tests in use over the past few decades.
In the paper
“The Flynn effect is less well known and often not taught in behavioral science training programs (Hagen, Drogin, & Guilmette, 2008).”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Historical Background
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Hagen, Drogin, & Guilmette, 2008
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Further, there is considerable contention over factors that may cause the Flynn effect (Flynn, 2007, 2012; Neisser, 1998).”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Flynn’s Work
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Flynn, 2007, 2012
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Neisser, 1998
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“More recently, the Flynn effect was supported by calculations of IQ score gains between 1972 and 2006 for different normative versions of the Stanford-Binet (SB), Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), and Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) (Flynn, 2009a). The average increase in IQ scores per year was 0.31, which was consistent with Flynn’s (1984a) earlier findings.”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Historical Background
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Flynn, 2009a
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Flynn, 1984a
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Recent evidence has suggested that middle and lower ability groups (IQ = 79–109) demonstrate the customary 0.31–0.37-point increase per year, whereas higher ability groups (IQ = 110+) demonstrate a minimal increase of 0.06–0.15 points per year (Zhou, Zhu, Weiss, & Pearson, 2010).”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > The Current Study
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Zhou, Zhu, Weiss, & Pearson, 2010
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Recent evidence has suggested that middle and lower ability groups (IQ = 79–109) demonstrate the customary 0.31–0.37-point increase per year, whereas higher ability groups (IQ = 110+) demonstrate a minimal increase of 0.06–0.15 points per year (Zhou, Zhu, Weiss, & Pearson, 2010).”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > The Current Study
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Zhou, Zhu, Weiss, & Pearson, 2010
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We did not expect to find evidence for publication bias in this meta-analysis. The descriptive data collected from each study in the form of sample sizes, means, and correlations between tests is not typically the type of data that is subject to tests of significance and thus would not be a direct cause of failure to publish due to non-significance. Additionally, many of the effects were gleaned”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Method > Statistical Methods
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The results of test validation studies provide important information irrespective of the findings and would therefore constitute publishable data.
In the paper
“Flynn’s study revealed a 13.8-point increase in IQ scores between 1932 and 1978, amounting to a 0.3-point increase per year, or approximately 3 points per decade.”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Historical Background
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Flynn (1984a)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Our finding that the Flynn effect has not diminished over time and may be larger for modern than older tests is not consistent with Sundet et al.’s (2008) hypothesis relating increasing IQ scores and decreasing family size”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Discussion > Implications of the Flynn Effect for Theory and Practice
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Sundet et al.’s (2008)
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This finding is consistent with previous research (Flynn, 1984, 1987).”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Discussion > Moderator Analyses
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Flynn, 1984, 1987
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Several recent studies indicate that the Flynn effect is not limited to intelligence tests but may be measured in tests of memory (Baxendale, 2010; Rönnlund & Nilsson, 2008, 2009) and object naming (Connor, Spiro, Obler, & Martin, 2004), as well as certain commonly used neuropsychological tests (Dickinson & Hiscock, 2011).”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Discussion > Implications of the Flynn Effect for Theory and Practice
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Baxendale, 2010 source
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Rönnlund & Nilsson, 2008, 2009
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Connor, Spiro, Obler, & Martin, 2004 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The overall Flynn effect of 2.31 produced by this meta-analysis was lower than Flynn’s (2009a) value of 3.11 and Fletcher et al.’s (2010) value of 2.80. It also fell below Dickinson and Hiscock’s (2010) estimate of 2.60, which was the average of separate calculations for each of the 11 Wechsler subtests.”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Discussion > Major Findings
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Flynn’s (2009a)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Fletcher et al.’s (2010) source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Dickinson and Hiscock’s (2010) source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The larger effect for modern than older tests could be regarded as consistent with Lynn’s (2009) hypothesis pertaining to pre- and early postnatal nutrition.”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Discussion > Implications of the Flynn Effect for Theory and Practice
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Lynn’s (2009)
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Our data do not address Kaufman’s (2010) more specific concern about asymmetric order effects such that taking the newer test first increased subsequent performance on the older test more than taking the older test first increases subsequent performance on the newer test.”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Discussion > Moderator Analyses
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kaufman (2010) source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the study of a cohort phenomenon like the Flynn effect, this approach is appropriate.”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Discussion > Limitations
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: The Flynn effect is a cohort phenomenon.

67 of 67

The paper relies on this without support.
Research on the Flynn effect has focused almost exclusively on the effect produced from administrations of the Stanford-Binet and Wechsler tests.
“Research on the Flynn effect has focused almost exclusively on the effect produced from administrations of the Stanford-Binet and Wechsler tests.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Validation studies conducted by test publishers likely employed the most rigorous procedures with regard to sampling, selection of administrators, and adherence to administration and scoring protocols.
“Validation studies conducted by test publishers likely employed the most rigorous procedures with regard to sampling, selection of administrators, and adherence to administration and scoring protocols.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The 27 multifactorial tests chosen represent the major IQ tests in use over the past few decades.
“There may be other multifactorial tests to consider, but the 27 we chose represent the major IQ tests in use over the past few decades.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The results of test validation studies provide important information irrespective of the findings and would therefore constitute publishable data.
“A formal search for unpublished studies was not undertaken; it was presumed that the results of test validation studies would provide important information irrespective of the findings and would therefore constitute publishable data.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The greater impact of the Flynn effect on fluid versus crystallized intelligence is well-established.
“because the greater impact of the Flynn effect on fluid versus crystallized intelligence is well-established.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Flynn effect is a cohort phenomenon.
“For the study of a cohort phenomenon like the Flynn effect, this approach is appropriate.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The convention in society is to use a cut point of 70 for intellectual disability.
“Because the convention in our society is to use a cut point of 70”
The paper relies on this without support.
No comparable data exist for American young men.
“Unfortunately, no comparable data exist for American young men.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Raven’s test administered to Scandinavian young men has not changed in format or content since its development.
“Whereas the Raven’s test administered to Scandinavian young men has not changed in format or content since its development”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery administered to potential conscripts in the United States has changed in format or content.
“this is not the case for the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery”

10 of 10

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Statistics that don’t add up

Each reported p-value recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom.

Inconsistent p-value: z = 3.60, p < .0001
Minor
The paper reports p < .0001 here; recomputing from the test statistic and its degrees of freedom gives p < .001 (two-tailed). The check cannot tell whether the statistic or the p-value is the misprint.
Reported p < .0001 · recomputed p < .001
p-value fits an unstated one-tailed test: z = −3.37, p < .0007
Minor
The paper reports p < .0007 here; recomputing from the test statistic and its degrees of freedom gives p < .001 (two-tailed). The reported value is what a one-tailed test gives, but the paper does not say near this result that a one-tailed test was used.
Reported p < .0007 · recomputed p < .001

2 of 2

Statistics recomputed

Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.

Doesn’t add upz = 3.6reported p < .0001 · recomputed p < .001
“z = 3.60, p < .0001”
Doesn’t add upz = -3.37reported p < .0007 · recomputed p < .001
“z = −3.37, p < .0007”
Not confirmedQ(1) = 3.14reported p < .076 · recomputed p = .076
“Q(1) = 3.14, p < .076”
Consistentz = 14.1reported p < .0001 · recomputed p < .001
“z = 14.10, p < .0001”
ConsistentQ(284) = 4710reported p < .0001 · recomputed p < .001
“Q(284) = 4710, p < .0001”
ConsistentQ(5) = 231reported p < .0001 · recomputed p < .001
“Q(5) = 231, p < .0001”
Consistentz = 2.58reported p < .01 · recomputed p = .010
“z = 2.58, p < .01”
Consistentz = -1.08reported p < .28 · recomputed p = .280
“z = −1.08, p < .28”
Consistentz = 11.12reported p < .0001 · recomputed p < .001
“z =11.12, p < .0001”
ConsistentQ(151) = 3237reported p < .0001 · recomputed p < .001
“Q(151) = 3237, p < .0001”
Consistentz = 0.21reported p < .84 · recomputed p = .834
“z = 0.21, p < .84”
ConsistentQ(16) = 232reported p < .0001 · recomputed p < .001
“Q(16) = 232, p < .0001”
Consistentz = 0.19reported p = .85 · recomputed p = .849
“z = 0.19, p = .85”
ConsistentQ(33) = 295reported p < .0001 · recomputed p < .001
“Q(33) = 295, p < .0001”
Consistentz = 6.13reported p < .0001 · recomputed p < .001
“z = 6.13, p < .0001”
ConsistentQ(11) = 44reported p < .0001 · recomputed p < .001
“Q(11) = 44, p < .0001”
ConsistentQ(13) = 74reported p < .0001 · recomputed p < .001
“Q(13) = 74, p < .0001”
Consistentz = 10.06reported p < .00001 · recomputed p < .001
“z = 10.06, p < .00001”
ConsistentQ(55) = 597.34reported p < .0001 · recomputed p < .001
“Q(55) = 597.34, p < .0001”
Consistentz = 16.83reported p < .0001 · recomputed p < .001
“z = 16.83, p < .0001”
ConsistentQ(377) = 5581reported p < .0001 · recomputed p < .001
“Q(377) = 5581, p < .0001”

21 of 21

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

Forty-year WISC-R example applies only nine points of adjustment
Minor
The example spans 1973 to 2013, or four decades. At the paper's approximately three-point-per-decade rate, the adjustment would be about 12 points, yielding a mean near 112 and a cut point near 82, not 109 and 79.
Comparisons are counted as studies in the abstract
Minor
The methods and results identify 285 qualifying comparisons extracted from 154 empirical studies and 27 manuals, rather than 285 distinct studies.
WISC-R norming year changes from 1972 to 1973
Minor
The paper uses 1972 as the WISC-R norming year in its worked example, but calls the same test standardized in 1973 in the conclusion.

3 of 3

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
Introduction to Meta‐Analysis
Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. R. (2021) · doi:10.1002/9781119558378 · Cited by 9,799
Untitled work
(2000) · Cited by 9,198
Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence
Dumont, R., Willis, J. O., Veizel, K., & Zibulsky, J. (2014) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118660584.ese2519 · Cited by 5,546
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
Miles-Mason, E. (2018) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781483392271.n537 · Cited by 4,133
Massive IQ gains in 14 nations: What IQ tests really measure.
Flynn, J. R. (1987) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.101.2.171 · Cited by 1,918 · cited 7×
“An alternate approach, taken by Flynn (1987) and others since (e.g., Sundet et al., 2004, 2008), broadens the perspective from intragroup to intergroup change by focusing on draft board test performance within countries in the practice of administering IQ tests to all young men being assessed for…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Inference by Eye: Confidence Intervals and How to Read Pictures of Data.
Cumming, G., & Finch, S. (2005) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.60.2.170 · Cited by 1,449
Intellectual disability : definition, classification, and systems of supports
Disabilities, D. (2010) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,370
The mean IQ of Americans: Massive gains 1932 to 1978.
Flynn, J. R. (1984) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.95.1.29 · Cited by 1,206
Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test
(2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/springerreference_183806 · Cited by 1,089

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 262 references

Research works printed but not linked: 17

Doll B Boren R Performance of severely language-impaired students on the WISC-III, language scales, and academic achievement measures Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, Advances in Psychological Assessment Monograph Series 1993 77 86
Edwards BR Klein M Comparison of the WAIS and the WAIS-R with Ss of high intelligence Journal of Clinical Psychology 1984 40 1 300 302
Elley WB Changes in mental ability in New Zealand New Zealand Journal of Educational Studies 1969 4 140 155
Flynn JR Flores-Mendoza C Colom R Efeito Flynn: Repensando a inteligência e seus efeitos [The Flynn effect: Rethinking intelligence and what affects it] Introdução à psicologia das diferenças individuais [Introduction to the psychology of individual differences] 2006b Porto Alegre, Brasil ArtMed 387 411 (English trans. available from jim.flynn@stonebow.otago.ac.nz).
Flynn JR What is intelligence? 2007 Cambridge Cambridge University Press
Klanderman J Devine J Mollner C The K-ABC: A construct validity study with the WISC-R and Stanford-Binet Journal of Clinical Psychology 1985 41 2 273 281
McGinley P A comparison of WISC and WISC-R test results The Irish Journal of Psychology 1981 1 23 24 doi:
Phelps L Leguori S Nisewaner K Parker M Practical interpretations of the WISC-III with language-disordered children Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment WISC-III Monograph 1993 71 76
Quereshi MY McIntire DH The comparability of the WISC, WISC-R, and WPPSI Journal of Clinical Psychology 1984 40 4 1036 1043
Robinson EL Nagle RJ The comparability of the Test of Cognitive Skills with the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised and the Stanford-Binet: Fourth Edition with gifted children Psychology in the Schools 1992 29 2 107 112
Rothlisberg BA Comparing the Stanford-Binet, Fourth Edition to the WISC-R: A concurrent validation study Journal of School Psychology 1987 25 2 193 196
Thorndike RL Hagen EP Sattler JM Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, Fourth Edition, Technical manual 1986 Chicago, IL The Riverside Publishing Company
Wechsler D Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Third Edition, Manual 1991 San Antonio, TX The Psychological Corporation
Wechsler D Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Third Edition, Technical manual 1997 San Antonio, TX The Psychological Corporation
Wechsler D Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, Third Edition, Technical manual 2002 San Antonio, TX The Psychological Corporation
Wechsler D Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Fourth Edition, Technical manual 2008 San Antonio, TX The Psychological Corporation
Zimmerman IL Woo-Sam J The utility of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence in the public school Journal of Clinical Psychology 1970 26 4 472

Sorted by citations

Items 201–300 of 360

No decline in the principle-based thought of 9-year-old schoolchildren between 1991 and 2001
Must, O., & Must, A. (2020) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2020.101455 · Cited by 3
No free, appropriate, public education for most neuropsychologically referred outpatients.
Kaufman, N. K., Lyke, P. A., Walter, J. G., Bush, S. S., Tonarelli, S. B., Sandoval, H., Davis, A. S., & King, J. (2020) · Journal of Pediatric Neuropsychology · doi:10.1007/s40817-020-00085-4 · Cited by 3
Examination of the Flynn effect in German patients with epilepsy assessed with the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) III and IV
Mross, P. M., Gorny, I., Krause, K., Biermann, L., Habermehl, L., Möller, L., Bergmann, M., Tsalouchidou, P., Jan-David, L., Weyand, A. M., et al. (2020) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.107337 · Cited by 3
The role of school education in time-dependent changes of cognitive abilities in cohorts from midlife to old age
Geyer, S., Kuhlmann, B. G., Beller, J., & Graßhoff, J. (2022) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2022.2068132 · Cited by 4
Socio-psychological portrait of a modern medical intern in a ten-year dynamics
Yekhalov, V. V., Кравец, О. В., & Криштафор, Д. А. (2021) · EMERGENCY MEDICINE · doi:10.22141/2224-0586.17.3.2021.234805 · Cited by 3
Predicting the Flynn Effect through word abstractness : Results from the National Intelligence Tests support Flynn's explanation
Must, O., Must, A., & Mikk, J. (2016) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2016.03.003 · Cited by 3
Эффект Флинна: обзор современных данных
Valueva, E. А., & Белова, С. С. (2015) · Психология Журнал Высшей школы экономики · doi:10.17323/1813-8918-2015-4-165-183 · Cited by 3
Neurodiversity and Intelligence: Evaluating the Flynn Effect in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Billeiter, K. B., Froiland, J. M., Allen, J. P., & Hajovsky, D. B. (2021) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-021-01175-w · Cited by 4
“Because an inmate may have received several IQ scores with different normative samples over time, whether to acknowledge the FE is a debate within in the legal system [3].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Changes in the Intelligence Levels and Structure in Russia: An ANOVA Method Based on Discretization and Grouping of Factors
Avdeenko, T. V., Timofeeva, A., Murtazina, M. S., & Разумникова, О. М. (2021) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app11135864 · Cited by 5
“This is supported by the observation that the Flynn effect is most pronounced when applied to the tasks that have the least load on the g factor [27].”
Method
Validity of Zulliger-SC in the Cognitive Assessment of Elderly and Long-Lived Adults
Grazziotin, J. B. D. D., & Scortegagna, S. A. (2021) · Psico-USF · doi:10.1590/1413-82712021260314 · Cited by 5
Reducing Cognitive Load using Mixed Reality and External Cognition
Pal, R. (2021) · India HCI (IndiaHCI) · doi:10.1145/3506469.3506496 · Cited by 3
“Throughout this period, a rise in the average I.Q. scores were observed [8], which is often referred to as the Flynn effect showing an increase in measured intelligence by about 3 points per decade [9].”
Background
The Flynn Effect and Its Clinical Implications
Grégoire, J. C., & Weiss, L. G. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815744-2.00008-2 · Cited by 3
Are Movies Making Us Smarter?
Smith, T. J., Essex, C., & Bedford, R. (2023) · Projections · doi:10.3167/proj.2023.170107 · Cited by 3
The Flynn effect in the Czech Republic
Laciga, J., & Cígler, H. (2016) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2016.11.005 · Cited by 4
“(Trahan et al., 2014) In the most recentmeta-analysis, Pietschnig and Voracek (2015) estimated amean effect of about 2.8 IQ points per decadewith the highest gain in fluid (4.1 points per decade) and the lowest in crystalized IQ (2.1 points per decade).”
BackgroundInfluential
Neuropsychological Testing
Harris, J. C., & Coyle, J. T. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780199928118.003.0003 · Cited by 4
The relationship between cognitive abilities and mental health as represented by cognitive abilities at the neural and genetic levels of analysisPreprint
Wang, Y., Anney, R., & Pornpattananangkul, N. (2025) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.105537.2 · Cited by 3
Generational IQ test score changes and the positive manifold of intelligence: evidence from Austrian Air Force pilots and air traffic controllers (1992–2016)
Oberleiter, S., Wurzer, J., Mikas, M., Held, M., Wieland, B., Zeilinger, E. L., Voracek, M., & Pietschnig, J. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1547520 · Cited by 3
“Subsequent formal meta-analyses revealed that these trends were consistent throughout most of the 20th century, although they varied in strength across countries, cognitive subdomains, as well as ability segments (Pietschnig and Voracek, 2015; Trahan et al., 2014).”
Covid-19-related learning loss: Evidence of downstream negative effects of emergency remote teaching on performance in subject-specific English proficiency
Courtney, M. G. R., Cespedes, A. A., Kalemeneva, D., de Crombrugghe, D., Zhakibayeva, A., & Baikenova, A. (2025) · Prospects · doi:10.1007/s11125-025-09746-8 · Cited by 2
“…on subsets of data from the pre-Covid period, 2013 to 2020, the study identified near-linear substantive improvements in students’ academic performance year to year, reflective of the fast-developing economic, health, and educational condi-tions—known as the “Flynn effect” (Trahan et al., 2014).”
Associations Between ADHD Symptom Dimensions and Cognition in Children With ADHD and Learning Difficulties
Cai, Y., Holmes, J., & Gathercole, S. E. (2025) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547251376776 · Cited by 4
“…Trane & Willcutt, 2023; Willcutt & Petrill, 2023) and may reflect several contributing factors, including recruitment bias (e.g., lower rates of parental consent among children performing at the lower end of the cognitive spectrum) and outdated test norms (Elson et al., 2023; Trahan et al., 2014).”
Challenges in Dementia Studies
Ong, K. T. (2018) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.72866 · Cited by 2
“For example, in the Flynn Effect [12], massive gains in IQ of Americans were observed between 1932 and 1978.”
Background
Predicting normative data in healthy individuals on the computerized wisconsin card sorting test using regression models
Çelik, S., Yıldırım, V., Güler, Z. D., & Kadam, H. T. (2023) · Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.3233/nre-230164 · Cited by 2
“This phenomenon is explained by the Flynn effect, which highlights a consistent upward trend in intelligence scores over time (Graves et al., 2021; Trahan et al., 2014; Bratsberg & Rogeberg 2018).”
Requiem for Heterosis as a Cause of the Flynn Effect: Positive Combined Effects of Numbers and Lengths of Homozygosity Runs on Offspring-Parent Differences in Educational Attainment
Menie, M. A. W. O., Fieder, M., Sarraf, M. A., & Peñaherrera‐Aguirre, M. (2024) · Evolutionary Psychological Science · doi:10.1007/s40806-024-00395-2 · Cited by 2
“When this performance advantage is scaled in terms of IQ points, the gain amounts to approximately a third of an IQ point per year, or three points per decade (for meta-analyses of this effect accounting for battery, country, and time, see Pietschnig & Voracek, 2015; Trahan et al., 2014).”
The FinSwed study: Using verbal NEPSY-II subtests with a cultural minority group
Rosenqvist, J., Slama, S., & Haavisto, A. (2024) · Applied Neuropsychology Child · doi:10.1080/21622965.2024.2406921 · Cited by 2
Examining Covid-19-induced learning loss: A large-scale repeated cross-sectional study of seventh-grade selective school applicants’ academic performance in Kazakhstan
Kalemeneva, D., Courtney, M. G. R., Rakhymbayeva, Z., Shilibekova, A., Yessingeldinov, B. T., & Olzhayeva, A. (2024) · Prospects · doi:10.1007/s11125-024-09713-9 · Cited by 2
“Akin to the Flynn effect (see Trahan et al., 2014), a steady incremental increase in academic performance was observed for all seven academic subjects prior to the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic.”
Race science in mainstream psychology, 1960–2010
Hicks, D., & Lobato, E. J. C. (2025) · Quantitative Science Studies · doi:10.1162/qss.a.11 · Cited by 2
Leisure Screen Time and the Risk of Six Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Two‐Sample Mendelian Randomization Study
Cai, C., Ran, Q., Lu, M., Song, C., & Jiang, Z. (2025) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.70884 · Cited by 2
“The Flynn effect (Trahan et al. 2014)—the gradual increase in global IQ scores over the decades—can partly be explained by the positive cognitive effects of watching videos and playing video games.”
Development and comparison of alternate forms of the Loewenstein-Acevedo Scales for Semantic Interference and Learning-Digital Version (LASSI-D) in older participants with amnestic mild cognitive impairment and normal cognition
Huang-Ouyang, B., Curiel, R. E., Czaja, S. J., Kallestrup, P., Rivera-Molina, A., Mueller, A., Crocco, E., Loewenstein, D., & Harvey, P. D. (2025) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.1177/13872877251379363 · Cited by 2
Filial Intelligence and Family Social Class, 1947 to 2012
Paterson, L. (2021) · Sociological Science · doi:10.15195/v8.a16 · Cited by 2
“Reasons to expect that the class-by-intelligence association might have changed may be found in the discussion of the rise of intelligence scores throughout the twentieth century (Flynn 2007; Pietschnig and Voracek 2015; Trahan et al. 2014).”
Background
Use of the Woodcock–Johnson IV Tests of Cognitive Abilities in the Diagnosis of Intellectual Disability
Floyd, R. G., Woods, I. L., Singh, L. J., & Hawkins, H. K. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802076-0.00010-4 · Cited by 2
A modern technológia hatása a kognitív képességekre: Áttekintés
Kovacs, K., & Faragó, B. (2016) · Magyar Pszichológiai Szemle · doi:10.1556/0016.2016.71.1.7 · Cited by 3
Standardisierte und psychometrische Untersuchungsverfahren in der forensisch-psychiatrischen Begutachtung
Mokros, A. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-3-437-22903-9.00003-7 · Cited by 2
Временная динамика показателей интеллекта в зависимости от пола и выбранной специальности
Разумникова, О. М. (2022) · Психология Журнал Высшей школы экономики · doi:10.17323/1813-8918-2022-1-8-25 · Cited by 2
Comment on C. M. Clark, L. Lawlor-Savage, & V. M. Goghari
Hiscock, M. (2016) · Measurement Interdisciplinary Research and Perspectives · doi:10.1080/15366367.2016.1172909 · Cited by 2
Self-citation
Secular Trends in Head Size and Cerebral Volumes In the Framingham Heart Study for Birth Years 1902-1985Preprint
DeCarli, C. S., Pase, M. P., Beiser, A., Kojis, D. J., Satizábal, C. L., Himali, J. J., Aparicio, H. J., Flether, E., Maillard, P., & Seshadri, S. S. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2524684/v1 · Cited by 2
A Taxonomy of Data Synthesis: A TutorialPreprint
Beck, E. D., Willroth, E. C., Delius, J. A. M., Bennett, D. A., Barnes, L. L., James, B. D., Lipton, R. B., Katz, M. J., Hassing, L. B., Huisman, M. A., et al. (2024) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/m3ywe · Cited by 2
Flynn-effekten i Norge og andre land: Praktiske implikasjoner og teoretiske spørsmål [The Flynn effect in Norway and other countries: Practical implications and theoretical issues]
Retired psychologist, V., Storsve, O., Sundet, J. M., Torjussen, T. M., Retired psychologist, O., & Lang-Ree, O. C. (2018) · Scandinavian Psychologist · doi:10.15714/scandpsychol.5.e6 · Cited by 2
“Personer med IQ lavere enn 70 kan dermed ikke dømmes til døden (Trahan et al., 2014).”
Background
Putting the Flynn effect under the microscope: Item-level patterns in NLSYC PIAT-math scores, 1986–2004
Rodgers, J. L., Wänström, L., & Ang, S. (2025) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2024.101897 · Cited by 2
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for children (WISC-V) as a diagnostic instrument for children with intellectual disabilities
Alekseeva, O. S., Rzhanova, I. E., Guskova, V. E., & Burdukova, Y. A. (2025) · Psychological-Educational Studies · doi:10.17759/psyedu.2025170303 · Cited by 1
Discerning cognitive domains through online assessment in aging participants in Norwegian Cohort 50+
Ushakova, A., Corbett, A., Ballard, C. G., Aakre, J. A., Gjestsen, M. T., Aarsland, D., & Testad, I. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-26437-8 · Cited by 5
“Broader generational trends, such as the Flynn effect 39,40 , may also influence the age-related patterns observed.”
Stakeholder Mental Models for Sustainable Management of the Invasive Pearl Oyster Pinctada radiata in the Eastern Mediterranean
Dimitris, P., Alexis, C., Alexandros, T., Dimitris, V., & Dimitris, K. (2025) · Hydroecology and engineering. · doi:10.70322/hee.2025.10016 · Cited by 3
Are teachers objective and impartial in evaluating business school students?
Houdek, P., Senčar, S., & Bahník, Š. (2026) · International Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1016/j.ijer.2025.102921 · Cited by 1
Debts and experienced financial scarcity: associations with nonsuicidal self‐injury and suicidality in adolescents at risk for psychopathology
Ravensbergen, S. J., de Neve-Enthoven, N. G. M., Bouter, D. C., DIJK, W. W. V., Hoogendijk, W. J. G., & Mil, N. H. G. (2026) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/camh.70065 · Cited by 1
Cross-organ communication based on non-coding RNA networks leads to cognitive dysfunction in mice
Dunkel, H., Jensen, L. R., Sperling, F., Schreier, J. W., Halbach, O. V. B. U., Hossain, F. M., Simm, S., & Kuss, A. W. (2026) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2026.107319 · Cited by 1
Are older adults healthier than before? Global evidence on healthy aging
Gruss, B., Huang, E., Lagerborg, A. H., Noureldin, D., & Ozhan, G. K. (2026) · The Journal of the Economics of Ageing · doi:10.1016/j.jeoa.2026.100638 · Cited by 1
Re-establishing and refining baseline neuropsychological test data among professional hockey players: part 1 - primary language based normative values and language-based differences
Echemendía, R. J., Riegler, K. E., Meeuwisse, W. H., Harmon, K. G., Comper, P., Delaney, J. S., Hutchison, M. G., & Bruce, J. M. (2026) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/acag025 · Cited by 1
Nature or Nurture – Will Epigenomics Solve the Dilemma?
Płonka, B. K. (2016) · Studia Humana · doi:10.1515/sh-2016-0007 · Cited by 1
“The Flynn effect was confirmed across different age groups, tests and populations [149, 190].”
Background
The evolution of fluid intelligence meets formative g
Kovacs, K., & Conway, A. R. A. (2017) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x16001680 · Cited by 1
The Web and Flow of Popular Cinema
Cutting, J. E. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197567777.003.0013 · Cited by 1
The Emerging Role of Intelligence in the World of the Future
Sternberg, R. J. (2018) · MDPI eBooks · doi:10.3390/books978-3-03897-263-1 · Cited by 1
Talent and the Data Science Revolution
Leutner, F., Akhtar, R., & Chamorro‐Premuzic, T. (2022) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-83867-559-220221002 · Cited by 1
Complexity, Genetic Causation, and Hereditarianism
Roseman, C. C. (2019) · Human Biology · doi:10.1353/hub.2017.0059 · Cited by 1
Of Capital Importance
Fairfax-Columbo, J., Neeser, B., Kudatzky, A., & DeMatteo, D. S. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197649138.013.11 · Cited by 1
Educational outcomes of children with major congenital anomalies: Study protocol for a population-based cohort study using linked hospital and education data from England
Tan, J., Cant, A., Lewis, K. M., Nguyen, V. G., Zylbersztejn, A., Gimeno, L., Hardelid, P., Stavola, B. L. D., Harron, K. L., & Gilbert, R. E. (2024) · NIHR Open Research · doi:10.3310/nihropenres.13750.1 · Cited by 1
“These are to reflect changes in the recording of educational outcomes across years, other period effects (e.g. Flynn effect) 36 , as well as to enable comparisons with previous studies using similar measures 37,38 .”
Der Flynn-Effekt: Kohortenunterschiede mit dem KFT 4 – 12+R zwischen 1998 und 2019?
Stumpf, E., Gherairi, J., & Perleth, C. (2024) · Diagnostica · doi:10.1026/0012-1924/a000338 · Cited by 1
High intelligence and intelligence profile discrepancies in preterm children: a systematic review and meta-analysis
van der Windt, L. I., Schrijver, Y. N., Denswil, N. P., Leemhuis, A. G., van Wely, M., Pajkrt, E., Aarnoudse-Moens, C. S. H., & Hooft, J. V. ’. (2025) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.105239 · Cited by 1
High Stakes IQ Testing: The Flynn Effect and its Clinical Implications
Black, S. C. (2017) · Australasian Journal of Paramedicine · Cited by 1
On Biotechnology, Theology, and the Human Sciences
Jong, J. (2018) · Theology and Science · doi:10.1080/14746700.2018.1488527 · Cited by 1
“The effect was robust across different samples, performance levels, and methods of measurement.(2) The effect”
Background
The Selected Profession as Determinant of the Flynn Effect: Specificity of Changes in the Intelligence Structure of University Students
Разумникова, О. М., & Usol’tsev, A. (2021) · Advances in intelligent systems and computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-71637-0_29 · Cited by 1
The Flynn effect in estimates of premorbid intellectual functioning in an Australian sample
McGrath, A., Thomas, M., Sugden, N. A., & Skilbeck, C. E. (2022) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00049530.2021.2001297 · Cited by 1
“In the standardisation study published in 2001, WTAR scores, together with demographic variables (education, ethnicity, sex) were found to account for 51% of variance in FSIQ scores (Wechsler, 2001).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Altern: Biologie und Chancen
Ho, A. D., Holstein, T. W., & Häfner, H. (2022) · Schriften der Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-34859-5
References
(2018) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-78743-785-220181022 · Cited by 1
Ethical and Professional Practice Issues in the Provision of Educational Services to Gifted Students
Thompson, K. C., & Morris, R. J. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-77004-8_19 · Cited by 1
Rethinking the Flynn EffectPreprint
Griswold, A. (2023) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/epf2q · Cited by 1
The relationship between cognitive abilities and mental health as represented by cognitive abilities at the neural and genetic levels of analysisPreprint
Wang, Y., Anney, R., & Pornpattananangkul, N. (2025) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.105537.1 · Cited by 1
Gender distribution of comedians over time
Kirkegaard, E. O. W. (2015) · The Winnower
Førerkortvurdering: Prediksjon av kjøreatferd med råskårer og demografisk justerte skårer fra nevropsykologiske tester.
Øiseth, C. (2015) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives
Nature and Nurture: Evolution and Complexities
Young, G. C. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24094-7_12
Birth cohort differences in cognitive aging: Secular trends in cognitive functioning and decline over 30 years in three population-based Swedish samples
Karlsson, P. (2018) · Gothenburg University Publications Electronic Archive (Gothenburg University)
Cechy psychiczne człowieka a idee transhumanizmu
Płonka, B. K. (2017) · ETHICS IN PROGRESS · doi:10.14746/eip.2015.1.12
“Obserwacje te zostały później potwierdzone dla różnych populacji, grup wiekowych i rodzajów stosowanych testów (Pietschnig et al. 2010; Trahan et al. 2014).”
Rising tides and leaky boats – quite an old phenomenon
Murphy, R. (2015) · Arrow@dit (Dublin Institute of Technology) · doi:10.13140/rg.2.1.3837.5524
Why Theorise Professions?
Burns, E. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-27935-6_1
Case When Analytical Techniques Invalidate the Conclusions of Data Mining: Reversed Flynn Effect of Decreasing IQ Test Scores
Acosta, G., Smith, E., & Крейнович, В. (2020) · Studies in systems, decision and control · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-46413-4_10
Requisite Skills and the Meaningful Measurement of Cognition
Keefe, R. S. E., Green, M. F., & Harvey, P. D. (2020) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.1618
Flynn effect: Generation growth of IQ
Vujović, I., & Petronić, Đ. (2020) · Биомедицинска истраживања · doi:10.5937/bii2001071v
Popular Movies and Technology
Cutting, J. E. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197567777.003.0002
Mise-en-Cadre
Cutting, J. E. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197567777.003.0004
The Power of Movies and a Method to Study It
Cutting, J. E. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197567777.003.0001
Viewing and Lenses
Cutting, J. E. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197567777.003.0003
Continuity, Discontinuity, and Scenes
Cutting, J. E. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197567777.003.0009
Structure, Engagement, and Evolution
Cutting, J. E. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197567777.003.0014
Shots and Sound
Cutting, J. E. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197567777.003.0007
Stories and Their Parts
Cutting, J. E. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197567777.003.0011
An Interlude on Shots and Cultural Change
Cutting, J. E. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197567777.003.0006
The Most Important Shot in Popular Cinema
Cutting, J. E. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197567777.003.0008
Montages, Sequences, and Syntagmas
Cutting, J. E. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197567777.003.0010
The Flinn Effect in Russia: Impact of Settlements’ Size
Sugonyaev, K. V., Grigoriev, A. A., & Panfilova, A. S. (2021) · Experimental Psychology (Russia) · doi:10.17759/exppsy.2021140308
Kabir Wealth Code: The combined effect of emotional awareness (EA) and intelligence quotient (IQ)Preprint
Kabir, A. A., Kabir, R., Nahar, J., & Sengar, R. (2021) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202107.0283.v3
Education of Children with Borderline Intellectual Functioning - Specificity and Areas of Support
Śmietańska, J. (2021) · Lubelski Rocznik Pedagogiczny · doi:10.17951/lrp.2021.40.3.139-155 · Cited by 1
Transitions
Cutting, J. E. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197567777.003.0005
Maternal factors of newborn low birthweight in malaria endemic settings of Nanoro, rural Burkina FasoPreprint
Lingani, M., Zango, S. H., Valéa, I., Valia, D., Sanou, M., Samandoulougou, S. O., Robert, A. R., Tinto, H., Dramaix, M. W., & Donnen, P. (2020) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-61707/v2
Biocosmic Pessimism
Sarraf, M. A., Menie, M. A. W. O., & Feltham, C. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-32984-6_8
Narrational Complexity
Cutting, J. E. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197567777.003.0012
References
(2022) · Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks · doi:10.4337/9781800374560.00021
Wealth Code Unlocked: The Combined Effect of Emotional Intelligence and Intelligence QuotientPreprint
Kabir, A. A., Kabir, R., Nahar, J., & Sengar, R. (2021) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202107.0283.v2
Background: Evolution
Pfaff, D. W. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-85861-8.00009-8
Maternal Factors of Newborn Low Birthweight in Malaria Endemic Settings of Nanoro, Rural Burkina FasoPreprint
Lingani, M., Zango, S. H., Valéa, I., Valia, D., Sanou, M., Samandoulougou, S. O., Robert, A. R., Tinto, H., Dramaix, M. W., & Donnen, P. (2020) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-61707/v1
“Noteworthy, neonate who survive from low birthweight immediate consequences are still at higher risk of short and long term health consequences such as stunted growth [6], lower intelligence quotient (IQ, an IQ test score of 70 or below) [7,8] or adult-onset chronic conditions [9].”
Background
Abstracts des Kongresses für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin 2021
(2021) · Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde · doi:10.1007/s00112-021-01281-y
Arv, miljö eller både och?
Alfonsson, J. (2022) · Sociologisk Forskning · doi:10.37062/sf.59.23210
Plastizität menschlichen Alterns: Die Chancen des Zusammenspiels von Biologie, Kultur und Person
Staudinger, U. M. (2022) · Schriften der Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-34859-5_1
Quantitative Meta-Analyses: A Review of Current Practice
Park, S.-Y. (2019) · American Educational Research Association Annual Meeting (AERA) · doi:10.3102/1436798

Authors: Trahan, L. H., Stuebing, K. K., Fletcher, J. M., & Hiscock, M.
Affiliations: University of Houston (US)
ORCID: Trahan, Lisa H.
Fletcher, Jack M.
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2014
Volume: 140
Issue: 5
Pages: 1332-1360
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/a0037173
PMC: PMC4152423
OpenAlex: W2164636756
Cited by: 364
References: 262
Citations by year: 2026: 24 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 56 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 2
FWCI: 27.60
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: Novartis Foundation
University of Cambridge
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P50HD052117)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Intergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies
Keywords: Flynn effect, IQ trends, Stanford-Binet, measurement error, effect size, validation samples
MeSH terms: Capital Punishment, Education, Special, Humans, Intelligence, Intelligence Tests, Intellectual Disability

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-03, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).

A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-03 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

The Flynn effect: A meta-analysis.

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Statistics that don’t add up

Statistics recomputed

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks