The DOI matches its Crossref record; 268 of the 268 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 34 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
The Flynn effect: A meta-analysis.
Open accessAbstract
The Flynn effect refers to the observed rise in IQ scores over time, which results in norms obsolescence. Although the Flynn effect is widely accepted, most efforts to estimate it have relied upon "scorecard" approaches that make estimates of its magnitude and error of measurement controversial and prevent determination of factors that moderate the Flynn effect across different IQ tests. We conducted a meta-analysis to determine the magnitude of the Flynn effect with a higher degree of precision, to determine the error of measurement, and to assess the impact of several moderator variables on the mean effect size. Across 285 studies (N = 14,031) since 1951 with administrations of 2 intelligence tests with different normative bases, the meta-analytic mean was 2.31, 95% CI [1.99, 2.64], standard score points per decade. The mean effect size for 53 comparisons (N = 3,951, excluding 3 atypical studies that inflate the estimates) involving modern (since 1972) Stanford-Binet and Wechsler IQ tests (2.93, 95% CI [2.3, 3.5], IQ points per decade) was comparable to previous estimates of about 3 points per decade but was not consistent with the hypothesis that the Flynn effect is diminishing. For modern tests, study sample (larger increases for validation research samples vs. test standardization samples) and order of administration explained unique variance in the Flynn effect, but age and ability level were not significant moderators. These results supported previous estimates of the Flynn effect and its robustness across different age groups, measures, samples, and levels of performance.
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61 Own result · 38 Own interpretation · 17 Sources not found · 14 Own method · 9 No basis given · 7 No full text of the sources · 2 Not checked yet
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In the paper
“but age and ability level were not significant moderators.”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Abstract
plainn = 3,951- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“larger increases for validation research samples vs. test standardization samples”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mean effect (k = 12, n = 925) for the modern tests other than Wechsler and Binet pairs normed since 1972 in the random effects model was 0.30 IQ points per year, 95% CI [0.21, 0.40], z = 6.13, p < .0001.”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Results > Further Analysis within Test Groups
plaincorrelationaln = 925 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Across 285 studies (N = 14,031) since 1951 with administrations of two intelligence tests with different normative bases, the meta-analytic mean was 2.31, 95% CI [1.99, 2.64], standard score points per decade.”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 14,031- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Eighty-two percent of the distribution of true effects was above zero.”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Results > Overall Model
plainn = 14,031- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The effects were significantly heterogeneous, (Q(284) = 4710, p < .0001).”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Results > Overall Model
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although each group mean effect was significantly different from zero (Table 2), type of sample was not significant in the random effects analysis, Q(1) = 3.14, p < .076.”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Results > Moderator Analyses of the Modern Tests
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Inspection of Figure 2 revealed an unusual bimodal pattern in the effects representing samples with the lowest ability.”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Results > Moderator Analyses of the Modern Tests
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The estimated I2, or proportion of the total variance due to true study variance, was I2 = 0.94.”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Results > Overall Model
plainn = 14,031- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mean effect (k = 14, n = 557) in the random effects model involving the McCarthy was 0.33 IQ points per year, 95% CI [0.15, 0.51], z = 3.60, p < .0001.”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Results > Further Analysis within Test Groups
plaincorrelationaln = 557 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 42
- Probably not a substantial claim. 35
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Tau, or estimated standard deviation of the true effects, was τ = 0.25, resulting in a credibility interval of −0.26 to +0.72.”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Results > Overall Model
plainn = 14,031- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The significant mixed effects meta-regression slope of effect size on ability level was b = −.01, 95% CI [−.016, −.004), z = −3.37, p < .0007. The Q for the model in this analysis was 11.38, accounting for 15.8% of the total variability as estimated by the Unrestricted Likelihood method.”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Results > Moderator Analyses of the Modern Tests
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The regression of effect size on age was nonsignificant, accounting for less than one percent of the variance in effect sizes.”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Results > Moderator Analyses of the Modern Tests
plainn = 3,951- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Eliminating the three lowest ability effects results in a mean estimate of the remaining 53 effects (n = 3,951) of 0.293 points per year, 95% CI [0.23, 0.35], and the regression of effect on ability is no longer significant.”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Results > Moderator Analyses of the Modern Tests
plainn = 3,951- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is no apparent publication bias, which would be represented by a gap on the lower left side of the plot. A similar absence of a gap is seen on the lower right side of the plot.”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Results > Distribution of Effects
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mean effect over 285 total studies (n = 14,031) in the random effects model was 0.231 IQ points per year, 95% CI [0.20, 0.26], z = 14.10, p < .0001, with a confidence interval and p-value indicating that the Flynn effect is different from zero1.”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Results > Overall Model
hedgedn = 14,031- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The 27 multifactorial tests chosen represent the major IQ tests in use over the past few decades.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was a significant between-test group effect, Q(5) = 231, p < .0001, with test group explaining 5.2% of the explainable variance in effects.”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Results > Moderator Analysis
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mean effect (k = 17, n = 1,325) in the random effects model was 0.02 IQ points per year, 95% CI [−0.15, 0.19], z = 0.21, p < .84.”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Results > Further Analysis within Test Groups
plainn = 1,325- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mean effect (k = 34, n = 1,611) in the random effects model was 0.02 IQ points per year, 95% CI [−0.16, 0.19], z = 0.19, p = .85.”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Results > Further Analysis within Test Groups
plainn = 1,611- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The intercept was significant (a = 0.38, z = 2.58, p < .01), but the slope was not (b = −.002, z = −1.08, p < .28), indicating that the effect did not change significantly over the range of ability levels represented in this set of effects.”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Results > Moderator Analysis
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Tests were frequently counterbalanced so that approximately half of the sample got each test first. However, in a substantial number of the studies, one test was uniformly given first.”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Method > Moderator Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mean effects for the counterbalanced group (k = 30, n = 2,912) (M = 0.29, 95% CI [0.23, 0.36]) and the group of effects where the old test was given second (k = 8, n = 505) (M = 0.54, 95% CI [0.16, 0.91]) were significantly different from zero.”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Results > Moderator Analyses of the Modern Tests
plainn = 2,912- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results show that the IQ increase is pervasive, not only with respect to geography and time, but also with respect to the tests used to measure IQ.”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Discussion > Limitations
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and the standard error of this estimate is 0.35 (resulting in a 95% CI that extends about .7, rounded to 1 point, on either side of 3 points per decade).”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Discussion > Conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Examining just the modern tests administered in a counterbalanced order and excluding the three atypical studies showed that the estimates for pairings of Wechsler/Wechsler, Binet/Binet, and Wechsler/Binet tests (all about 0.29) were remarkably similar to the overall estimate of 0.293 per year.”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Discussion > Moderator Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“when only the modern Wechsler/Binet tests were considered in isolation, the magnitude of the effect appears to be close to 3 points per decade and showed no evidence of reducing in magnitude.”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Discussion > Implications of the Flynn Effect for Theory and Practice
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the overall analyses and within the test groups, mean effects differed by no more than 0.03 points per year. All significance tests and tests of heterogeneity resulted in the same conclusions reached above.”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Results > Sensitivity Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, if the new test was given first, the estimate (0.54) was larger”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Discussion > Moderator Analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our support for a robust Flynn effect, manifested across various tests in nearly 300 studies”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Discussion > Implications of the Flynn Effect for Theory and Practice
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If the old test was given first, the estimate (0.14) was smaller”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Discussion > Moderator Analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The present findings, which demonstrate the pervasiveness and stability of the Flynn effect across multiple tests and many decades”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Discussion > Implications of the Flynn Effect for Theory and Practice
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The lowest possible score on the SB-4 is 36, and the lowest possible score on the WAIS-R is 45. Individuals who obtain the lowest possible score on both tests will still have an apparent difference in their standard scores of 9 points. Consistent with the plot, as the scores get closer to the mean of 100, the differences in the scales become smaller, and the effects become smaller.”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Results > Moderator Analyses of the Modern Tests
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The Flynn effect is less well known and often not taught in behavioral science training programs (Hagen, Drogin, & Guilmette, 2008).”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Historical Background
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Hagen, Drogin, & Guilmette, 2008
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These estimates ranged from 90.5–99.1% per block, with an average agreement of 95.8% per block.”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Method > Coding Procedures
plainn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These results supported previous estimates of the Flynn effect and its robustness across different age groups, measures, samples, and levels of performance.”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Further, there is considerable contention over factors that may cause the Flynn effect (Flynn, 2007, 2012; Neisser, 1998).”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Flynn’s Work
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Flynn, 2007, 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Neisser, 1998
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“More recently, the Flynn effect was supported by calculations of IQ score gains between 1972 and 2006 for different normative versions of the Stanford-Binet (SB), Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), and Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) (Flynn, 2009a). The average increase in IQ scores per year was 0.31, which was consistent with Flynn’s (1984a) earlier findings.”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Historical Background
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Flynn, 2009a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Flynn, 1984a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Recent evidence has suggested that middle and lower ability groups (IQ = 79–109) demonstrate the customary 0.31–0.37-point increase per year, whereas higher ability groups (IQ = 110+) demonstrate a minimal increase of 0.06–0.15 points per year (Zhou, Zhu, Weiss, & Pearson, 2010).”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > The Current Study
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Zhou, Zhu, Weiss, & Pearson, 2010
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Recent evidence has suggested that middle and lower ability groups (IQ = 79–109) demonstrate the customary 0.31–0.37-point increase per year, whereas higher ability groups (IQ = 110+) demonstrate a minimal increase of 0.06–0.15 points per year (Zhou, Zhu, Weiss, & Pearson, 2010).”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > The Current Study
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Zhou, Zhu, Weiss, & Pearson, 2010
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We did not expect to find evidence for publication bias in this meta-analysis. The descriptive data collected from each study in the form of sample sizes, means, and correlations between tests is not typically the type of data that is subject to tests of significance and thus would not be a direct cause of failure to publish due to non-significance. Additionally, many of the effects were gleaned”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Method > Statistical Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The results of test validation studies provide important information irrespective of the findings and would therefore constitute publishable data.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This pattern indicates that some of the lower ability samples had higher than average Flynn effects whereas others had lower than average Flynn effects.”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Results > Moderator Analyses of the Modern Tests
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Flynn’s study revealed a 13.8-point increase in IQ scores between 1932 and 1978, amounting to a 0.3-point increase per year, or approximately 3 points per decade.”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Historical Background
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Flynn (1984a)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unawareness of the Flynn effect on the part of test examiners can compound this problem.”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Discussion > Implications of the Flynn Effect for Theory and Practice
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Our finding that the Flynn effect has not diminished over time and may be larger for modern than older tests is not consistent with Sundet et al.’s (2008) hypothesis relating increasing IQ scores and decreasing family size”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Discussion > Implications of the Flynn Effect for Theory and Practice
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Sundet et al.’s (2008)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“This finding is consistent with previous research (Flynn, 1984, 1987).”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Discussion > Moderator Analyses
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Flynn, 1984, 1987
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This child may be more likely to receive a diagnosis of a learning disability during this second assessment than a recommendation of special education services.”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Discussion > Implications of the Flynn Effect for Theory and Practice
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given the variety of subtests underlying the IQ scores included in our meta-analyses, and the convergence of Flynn effect estimates around 0.29 for the modern tests, the order effect tends to be transitive with a mean magnitude of approximately ± .20.”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Discussion > Moderator Analyses
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the number of comparisons included in this review appears more than sufficient to assess the magnitude of the Flynn effect and the precision of the obtained value, and to address the additional research questions under consideration.”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Discussion > Limitations
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Several recent studies indicate that the Flynn effect is not limited to intelligence tests but may be measured in tests of memory (Baxendale, 2010; Rönnlund & Nilsson, 2008, 2009) and object naming (Connor, Spiro, Obler, & Martin, 2004), as well as certain commonly used neuropsychological tests (Dickinson & Hiscock, 2011).”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Discussion > Implications of the Flynn Effect for Theory and Practice
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Results revealed no difference in the Flynn effect based on participant age, suggesting that the Flynn effect is consistent across age cohorts.”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Discussion > Moderator Analyses
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The overall Flynn effect of 2.31 produced by this meta-analysis was lower than Flynn’s (2009a) value of 3.11 and Fletcher et al.’s (2010) value of 2.80. It also fell below Dickinson and Hiscock’s (2010) estimate of 2.60, which was the average of separate calculations for each of the 11 Wechsler subtests.”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Discussion > Major Findings
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings suggest that the mean magnitude of the Flynn effect may not change significantly with level of ability and that the correction can be applied to scores across the spectrum of ability level.”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Discussion > Moderator Analyses
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We did not address this issue in this metaanalysis”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Discussion > Implications of the Flynn Effect for Theory and Practice
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“The larger effect for modern than older tests could be regarded as consistent with Lynn’s (2009) hypothesis pertaining to pre- and early postnatal nutrition.”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Discussion > Implications of the Flynn Effect for Theory and Practice
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Lynn’s (2009)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Our data do not address Kaufman’s (2010) more specific concern about asymmetric order effects such that taking the newer test first increased subsequent performance on the older test more than taking the older test first increases subsequent performance on the newer test.”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Discussion > Moderator Analyses
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kaufman (2010) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, the exact size of the Flynn effect may vary from one sample to another.”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Discussion > Implications of the Flynn Effect for Theory and Practice
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“there may be significant order effects”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Discussion > Limitations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally, the large number of studies included in our meta-analysis provides a strong empirical basis for concluding that comparable IQ increases are evident in samples ranging from preschool children to elderly adults.”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Discussion > Limitations
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The data available from tests other than IQ tests are not likely to be sufficient in quality or quantity to yield precise Flynn effect estimates”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Discussion > Implications of the Flynn Effect for Theory and Practice
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The usefulness of a meta-analysis depends to a great extent on the accessibility of studies meeting inclusion criteria.”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Discussion > Limitations
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the data collected from Scandinavian young men, most of whom are evaluated for suitability for the armed services, are more representative of the Scandinavian population than potential conscripts in the United States who self-select into the armed services are of the American population.”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Discussion > Limitations
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, in capital punishment cases, life and death may reside on a 3-point difference of 76 versus 73, or 71 versus 68.”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Discussion > Conclusions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the other hand, our method has the advantage of being applicable to a very large number of informative samples.”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Discussion > Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the study of a cohort phenomenon like the Flynn effect, this approach is appropriate.”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Discussion > Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: The Flynn effect is a cohort phenomenon.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Further, there was no dearth of effect sizes at the lower end of the distribution of effect sizes (Figure 1), which suggests there was no oversampling of studies producing higher Flynn effects.”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Discussion > Limitations
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our method is not as direct as Flynn’s tracking of raw scores on Raven’s Matrices, nor does it provide the detailed information that can be obtained by comparing old and new versions of the Wechsler and Stanford-Binet batteries in the same individuals.”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Discussion > Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, mean values can be greatly influenced by the number and magnitude of extreme values such that the resulting value may not be an adequate measure of central tendency nor an effective illustration of the relation between IQ score and the moderators assessed.”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Discussion > Limitations
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but precise estimates for IQ tests will provide a reliable standard against which data from other tests can be evaluated.”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Discussion > Implications of the Flynn Effect for Theory and Practice
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A precise correction, however, cannot be assured in all circumstances because the Flynn effect, as it applies to a given test, may strengthen or weaken at any time in the future.”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Discussion > Implications of the Flynn Effect for Theory and Practice
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Relying on one numerical value to represent a continuous variable, including IQ score and age, results in a significant loss of information.”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Discussion > Limitations
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“many tests are never re-normed and therefore lie beyond the reach of this method”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Discussion > Limitations
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although a thorough review was conducted on PsycINFO® and in test manuals, possibly there were studies meeting inclusion criteria that were not accessed.”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Discussion > Limitations
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings are consistent with previous research”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Discussion > Conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this case, the IQ score produced by the second assessment may be particularly inflated due to both the Flynn effect and prior exposure.”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Discussion > Implications of the Flynn Effect for Theory and Practice
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, validation studies rely on group-level data and presuppose a representative normative basis for the derivation of a standardized IQ score.”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Discussion > Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and with the argument that it is feasible and advisable to correct IQ scores for the Flynn effect in high stakes decisions.”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Discussion > Conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“direct within-examinee comparisons have not been made for many tests even if the tests have been re-normed.”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Discussion > Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
Research on the Flynn effect has focused almost exclusively on the effect produced from administrations of the Stanford-Binet and Wechsler tests.
“Research on the Flynn effect has focused almost exclusively on the effect produced from administrations of the Stanford-Binet and Wechsler tests.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Validation studies conducted by test publishers likely employed the most rigorous procedures with regard to sampling, selection of administrators, and adherence to administration and scoring protocols.
“Validation studies conducted by test publishers likely employed the most rigorous procedures with regard to sampling, selection of administrators, and adherence to administration and scoring protocols.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The 27 multifactorial tests chosen represent the major IQ tests in use over the past few decades.
“There may be other multifactorial tests to consider, but the 27 we chose represent the major IQ tests in use over the past few decades.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The results of test validation studies provide important information irrespective of the findings and would therefore constitute publishable data.
“A formal search for unpublished studies was not undertaken; it was presumed that the results of test validation studies would provide important information irrespective of the findings and would therefore constitute publishable data.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The greater impact of the Flynn effect on fluid versus crystallized intelligence is well-established.
“because the greater impact of the Flynn effect on fluid versus crystallized intelligence is well-established.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Flynn effect is a cohort phenomenon.
“For the study of a cohort phenomenon like the Flynn effect, this approach is appropriate.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The convention in society is to use a cut point of 70 for intellectual disability.
“Because the convention in our society is to use a cut point of 70”
The paper relies on this without support.
No comparable data exist for American young men.
“Unfortunately, no comparable data exist for American young men.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Raven’s test administered to Scandinavian young men has not changed in format or content since its development.
“Whereas the Raven’s test administered to Scandinavian young men has not changed in format or content since its development”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery administered to potential conscripts in the United States has changed in format or content.
“this is not the case for the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“with the United States reporting a growth of 3 IQ points every ten years, a pattern that has been constant for about a century (Flynn 1984, 1987, 2007; Pietschnig and Voracek 2015; Trahan et al. 2014)”
From Wait, Where’s the Flynn Effect on the WAIS-5? (2024) · cites this paper as Trahan et al. 2014
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Two large meta-analyses have found that the Flynn effect amounted to about three IQ points per decade during the past century [4, 5].”
From The secular trend of intelligence test scores: The Danish experience for young men born between 1940 and 2000 (2021) · cites this paper as [5]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Both meta-analyses listed a small number of studies reporting negative Flynn effects, which suggests that observed intelligence decreases can reflect fluctuations around a stable or increasing average (see Pietschnig & Voracek, 2015, Figure 2;Trahan et al., 2014, Figure 2), due either to chance or to methodological bias.”
From No negative Flynn effect in France: Why variations of intelligence should not be assessed using tests based on cultural knowledge (2021) · cites this paper as Trahan et al., 2014
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“strikingly lower than the 3 points per decade identified from meta-analyses (Pietschnig and Voracek 2015; Trahan et al. 2014) and sanctioned as an adjustment to be made for Wechsler FSIQs in ID diagnosis by AAIDD (Schalock et al. 2021), especially in capital punishment court cases.”
From Wait, Where’s the Flynn Effect on the WAIS-5? (2024) · cites this paper as Trahan et al. 2014
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“On the other hand, recent large meta-analyses have substantially disagreed on this matter: one meta-analysis found that the Flynn effect has slowed but not halted (Pietschnig & Voracek, 2015; including 4 million subjects in 31 countries), and another concluded that the Flynn effect continues at the same rate (Trahan et al., 2014; including 14.000 subjects in 285 studies).”
From No negative Flynn effect in France: Why variations of intelligence should not be assessed using tests based on cultural knowledge (2021) · cites this paper as Trahan et al., 2014
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“One example of how increased capacity is associated with a proxy measure of reserve is the aforementioned effect of education on synaptic density.50”
From Maintenance, reserve and compensation: the cognitive neuroscience of healthy ageing (2018) · cites this paper as [50]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“A good example of a factor that promotes reserve is education, which improves neural resources during childhood and young adulthood, possibly by enhancing synaptic density 50”
From Maintenance, reserve and compensation: the cognitive neuroscience of healthy ageing (2018) · cites this paper as [50]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Statistics that don’t add up
Each reported p-value recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“z = 3.60, p < .0001”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Results > Further Analysis within Test Groups
Reported p < .0001 · recomputed p < .001
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“z = −3.37, p < .0007”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Results > Moderator Analyses of the Modern Tests
Reported p < .0007 · recomputed p < .001
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Doesn’t add upz = 3.6reported p < .0001 · recomputed p < .001
“z = 3.60, p < .0001”
- Doesn’t add upz = -3.37reported p < .0007 · recomputed p < .001
“z = −3.37, p < .0007”
- Not confirmedQ(1) = 3.14reported p < .076 · recomputed p = .076
“Q(1) = 3.14, p < .076”
- Consistentz = 14.1reported p < .0001 · recomputed p < .001
“z = 14.10, p < .0001”
- ConsistentQ(284) = 4710reported p < .0001 · recomputed p < .001
“Q(284) = 4710, p < .0001”
- ConsistentQ(5) = 231reported p < .0001 · recomputed p < .001
“Q(5) = 231, p < .0001”
- Consistentz = 2.58reported p < .01 · recomputed p = .010
“z = 2.58, p < .01”
- Consistentz = -1.08reported p < .28 · recomputed p = .280
“z = −1.08, p < .28”
- Consistentz = 11.12reported p < .0001 · recomputed p < .001
“z =11.12, p < .0001”
- ConsistentQ(151) = 3237reported p < .0001 · recomputed p < .001
“Q(151) = 3237, p < .0001”
- Consistentz = 0.21reported p < .84 · recomputed p = .834
“z = 0.21, p < .84”
- ConsistentQ(16) = 232reported p < .0001 · recomputed p < .001
“Q(16) = 232, p < .0001”
- Consistentz = 0.19reported p = .85 · recomputed p = .849
“z = 0.19, p = .85”
- ConsistentQ(33) = 295reported p < .0001 · recomputed p < .001
“Q(33) = 295, p < .0001”
- Consistentz = 6.13reported p < .0001 · recomputed p < .001
“z = 6.13, p < .0001”
- ConsistentQ(11) = 44reported p < .0001 · recomputed p < .001
“Q(11) = 44, p < .0001”
- ConsistentQ(13) = 74reported p < .0001 · recomputed p < .001
“Q(13) = 74, p < .0001”
- Consistentz = 10.06reported p < .00001 · recomputed p < .001
“z = 10.06, p < .00001”
- ConsistentQ(55) = 597.34reported p < .0001 · recomputed p < .001
“Q(55) = 597.34, p < .0001”
- Consistentz = 16.83reported p < .0001 · recomputed p < .001
“z = 16.83, p < .0001”
- ConsistentQ(377) = 5581reported p < .0001 · recomputed p < .001
“Q(377) = 5581, p < .0001”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Discussion > Conclusions
“if a child were assessed in 2013 with the WISC-R standardized in 1973, we could adjust the mean to 109 (SD = 15) and the cut point for intellectual disability to 79 (3 points).”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Discussion > Major Findings
“the Flynn effect was 2.93 points per decade”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Abstract
“Across 285 studies (N = 14,031) since 1951”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Results > Citations
“One hundred and fifty-four empirical studies and 27 test manuals met inclusion criteria, from which 378 comparisons were extracted, 285 of which were normed more than 5 years apart.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Definition of Intellectual Disability
“the year in which the test was normed (1972)”
§ The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis > Discussion > Conclusions
“the WISC-R standardized in 1973”
Citations
Cites
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Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
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Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
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Massive IQ gains in 14 nations: What IQ tests really measure.
Flynn, J. R. (1987) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.101.2.171 · Cited by 1,918 · cited 7×
“An alternate approach, taken by Flynn (1987) and others since (e.g., Sundet et al., 2004, 2008), broadens the perspective from intragroup to intergroup change by focusing on draft board test performance within countries in the practice of administering IQ tests to all young men being assessed for…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialInference by Eye: Confidence Intervals and How to Read Pictures of Data.
Cumming, G., & Finch, S. (2005) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.60.2.170 · Cited by 1,449
Intellectual disability : definition, classification, and systems of supports
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Flynn, J. R. (1984) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.95.1.29 · Cited by 1,206
Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test
(2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/springerreference_183806 · Cited by 1,089
Research works printed but not linked: 17
- Doll B Boren R Performance of severely language-impaired students on the WISC-III, language scales, and academic achievement measures Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, Advances in Psychological Assessment Monograph Series 1993 77 86
- Edwards BR Klein M Comparison of the WAIS and the WAIS-R with Ss of high intelligence Journal of Clinical Psychology 1984 40 1 300 302
- Elley WB Changes in mental ability in New Zealand New Zealand Journal of Educational Studies 1969 4 140 155
- Flynn JR Flores-Mendoza C Colom R Efeito Flynn: Repensando a inteligência e seus efeitos [The Flynn effect: Rethinking intelligence and what affects it] Introdução à psicologia das diferenças individuais [Introduction to the psychology of individual differences] 2006b Porto Alegre, Brasil ArtMed 387 411 (English trans. available from jim.flynn@stonebow.otago.ac.nz).
- Flynn JR What is intelligence? 2007 Cambridge Cambridge University Press
- Klanderman J Devine J Mollner C The K-ABC: A construct validity study with the WISC-R and Stanford-Binet Journal of Clinical Psychology 1985 41 2 273 281
- McGinley P A comparison of WISC and WISC-R test results The Irish Journal of Psychology 1981 1 23 24 doi:
- Phelps L Leguori S Nisewaner K Parker M Practical interpretations of the WISC-III with language-disordered children Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment WISC-III Monograph 1993 71 76
- Quereshi MY McIntire DH The comparability of the WISC, WISC-R, and WPPSI Journal of Clinical Psychology 1984 40 4 1036 1043
- Robinson EL Nagle RJ The comparability of the Test of Cognitive Skills with the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised and the Stanford-Binet: Fourth Edition with gifted children Psychology in the Schools 1992 29 2 107 112
- Rothlisberg BA Comparing the Stanford-Binet, Fourth Edition to the WISC-R: A concurrent validation study Journal of School Psychology 1987 25 2 193 196
- Thorndike RL Hagen EP Sattler JM Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, Fourth Edition, Technical manual 1986 Chicago, IL The Riverside Publishing Company
- Wechsler D Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Third Edition, Manual 1991 San Antonio, TX The Psychological Corporation
- Wechsler D Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Third Edition, Technical manual 1997 San Antonio, TX The Psychological Corporation
- Wechsler D Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, Third Edition, Technical manual 2002 San Antonio, TX The Psychological Corporation
- Wechsler D Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Fourth Edition, Technical manual 2008 San Antonio, TX The Psychological Corporation
- Zimmerman IL Woo-Sam J The utility of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence in the public school Journal of Clinical Psychology 1970 26 4 472
Cited by
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Items 301–360 of 360
Klinika ambulantní psychiatrie a psychoterapie, P., Bendova, M., Holubová, K., & Zaytseva, Y. (2022) · Ceskoslovenska psychologie · doi:10.51561/cspsych.66.4.416
Transhumanism—Agency Enhancement
McFarlane, S. (2022) · The International Library of Bioethics · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-14328-1_8
Taking an Intelligence Test: Does the Context Matter?
Furnham, A. F. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-92798-1_10
Haier, R. J., Colom, R., & Hunt, E. B. (2023) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108569576.012
A Field Theory of Human IntelligencePreprint
Griswold, A. (2023) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/vhwfm
Public events knowledge in an age-heterogeneous sample: Reminiscence bump or bummer?
Achaa-Amankwaa, P., Steger, D., Wilhelm, O., & Schroeders, U. (2023) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/pag0000786
Interpreting the WISC–V from a Neuropsychological Perspective
Kaufman, A. S., Raiford, S. E., & Coalson, D. L. (2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781394259397.ch11
(2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781394259397.refs
Embracing Peace: An International Organization System for Human Settlements into the Solar System
(2023) · Journal of Humanities & Social Sciences · doi:10.33140/jhss.06.09.03
Factorial Invariance of the ASIS Across Years
Sezerel, B. B., Arslan, D., & Sak, U. (2024) · Measurement Interdisciplinary Research and Perspectives · doi:10.1080/15366367.2024.2307297
“Studying the factorial invariance of intelligence tests with different groups over time is essential because there is a substantial increase in IQ test scores, called the “Flynn effect,” from one generation to another (Trahan et al., 2014).”
(2023) · Retz eBooks · doi:10.3917/retz.cordi.2023.01.0158
Cutting, J. E. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197567777.002.0004
Cutting, J. E. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197567777.002.0005
Cutting, J. E. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197567777.002.0003
Cutting, J. E. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197567777.002.0007
(2024) · NIHR Open Research · doi:10.3310/nihropenres.14749.r31850
Asendorpf, J. B. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-68451-1_4
Rempe, G., Bardos, A. N., Bablekou, Z., Simos, P. G., & Doropoulou, M. (2024) · Psychology the Journal of the Hellenic Psychological Society · doi:10.12681/psy_hps.34184
“Given the differences in sample collection date, it is important to consider these findings in light of the Flynn Effect (Flynn, 1984; Trahan et al., 2014).”
BackgroundRace Science in Mainstream Psychology, 1960-2010Preprint
Hicks, D., & Lobato, E. J. C. (2024) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/y8hr3
Brown, N. N., Greenspan, S., & Steele, K. A. (2024) · SpringerBriefs in criminology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-74169-2_4
(2024) · University of Glasgow · doi:10.3310/nihropenres.14936.r33447
(2024) · NIHR Open Research · doi:10.3310/nihropenres.14749.r33497
Cognitive Assessment of Very Preterm School-age Children by Chronological vs. Corrected Age
Sánchez‐Sandoval, Y., Lambrisca, A., Benavente‐Fernández, I., Lacalle, L., & Martínez‐Shaw, M. L. (2025) · Psicologí a Educativa · doi:10.5093/psed2025a4
(2025) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781394184507.refs
Wright, J. T. (2025) · The Journal of the American Dental Association · doi:10.1016/j.adaj.2025.02.016
Resilient Pivot Strategy to Continue Business Under Pandemic and Beyond
Ghosh, D., Banerjee, A., & Ray, N. (2025) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-6006-4.ch008
Race Science in Mainstream Psychology, 1960-2010Preprint
Hicks, D., & Lobato, E. J. C. (2025) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/y8hr3_v2
Sánchez-Zavala, A., Avendaño, D., Durón-Ramos, M. F., Martínez-Vázquez, A., & Fasce, A. (2025) · Environment and Behavior · doi:10.1177/00139165251359472
“This happens despite it being currently easier to access education – which has been increasingly facilitated by technology (Dziuban et al., 2018) – and even though people’s scores on IQ tests tend to be higher nowadays compared to the past (Trahan et al., 2014).”
Motivation in Schule und Hochschule
Otterpohl, N., Trautner, M., & Stiensmeier‐Pelster, J. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-69368-1_18
Gonthier, C. (2025) · doi:10.3917/edmat.segin.2025.01.0141
Overview of psychological testing
Loe, T. A. F., & Sainsbury, W. J. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-26629-4.00039-3
Eriksson, H., Herráiz-Adillo, Á., Wennberg, P., Daka, B., Esteban‐Cornejo, I., Lenander, C., Berglind, D., Müssener, U., Fang, F., Östgren, C. J., et al. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.10.03.25337218
“We performed additional adjustment self-reported smoking status at conscription (re-called at SCAPIS assessment), systolic and diastolic BP at conscription, and height at conscription (i.e., the Flynn effect 33 ), among the subsample with available data.”
Linda, W., O’Keefe, P., Terrera, G. M., Voll, S., Frank, D. M., Clouston, S., Scott, H., & Joseph, L. A. (2025) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2025.101966
“…Flynn effect has diversified into empirical documentation of global intelligence increases, theoretical explorations of its causes, methodological advancements, and integrative analyses (Rodgers, 2023) and meta analyses (Pietschnig & Voracek, 2015; Trahan et al., 2014; Wongupparaj et al., 2023).”
Rehnberg, J., Fors, S., Ford, K. J., & Leist, A. K. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26074224
Wang, L., Chen, Y., Sylvia, S., Dill, S., & Rozelle, S. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14490358
Motivation at School and University
Otterpohl, N., Trautner, M., & Stiensmeier‐Pelster, J. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-87947-0_18 · Cited by 1
Šević, N. P., & Šević, A. (2025) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.1012608 · Cited by 1
Educação, efeito flynn e o QI infantil análise da redução e estagnação cognitiva
Perosini, G. L. (2025) · RELACult - Revista Latino-Americana de Estudos em Cultura e Sociedade · doi:10.23899/hta49j64
Hicks, T. A., Shogren, K. A., & Pace, J. R. (2025) · American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1080/19447515.2025.2583722
Bhattacharjee, A., & Spaulding, T. J. (2026) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2026.102017
Reversal of the Flynn Effect and Cognitive Laziness
Balon, R. (2026) · Annals of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/10401237261438653
Craniofacial Collaboration UK: Long-Term Developmental Outcomes of Single Suture Craniosynostosis
Horton, J., Burgess, A., Smith, K. M., Kearney, A., Davies, S., Samuel, R., Piggott, K., & Evans, M. (2026) · The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal · doi:10.1177/10556656261426371
“48 Due to the nature of the study, there was no opportunity to compare against a control sample, and therefore it is not clear whether any difference found is due to the differing sensitivity of tests carried out at different ages, or examiner testing bias.”
The Memory Paradox: Why Our Brains Need Knowledge in an Age of AI
Oakley, B. A., Johnston, M. O., Chen, K.-Z., Jung, E., & B, T. J. S. A. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-11814-1_22 · Cited by 3
Neuronaukowe podstawy inteligencji
Haier, R. J., Kabziński, P., & Mąka, S. (2026) · Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego eBooks · doi:10.18778/8331-892-9
Historical Changes in Control Belief Trajectories
Entringer, T. M., Buchinger, L., Heckhausen, J., Ram, N., & Gerstorf, D. (2026) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1177/08902070261454669
Robotham, R. J., Larsen, F., Carlsen, I. T., Ibrahim, M., & Nielsen, T. R. (2026) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617726102045
“However, as the Flynn effect predicts an increase in standardized intelligence test scores during the last one and a half decades (Trahan et al., 2014), this would be expected to overestimate WAIS-IV performances.”
Wettstein, M., Infurna, F. J., Cruz–Carrillo, Y., Dey, N. E. Y., Grimm, K. J., Lachman, M. E., & Gerstorf, D. (2026) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2026.102044
Kang, Y., Jahng, S., & Song, M. (2026) · Dementia and Neurocognitive Disorders · doi:10.12779/dnd.2026.25.3.164
Giangrande, E. J., Womack, S. R., Finkel, D., DAVIS, D. W., Beam, C. R., & Turkheimer, E. N. (2026) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273171.2026.2707653
Loring, D. W., & Hermann, B. P. (2026) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2026.111221
Eriksson, H., Herráiz-Adillo, Á., Wennberg, P., Daka, B., Esteban‐Cornejo, I., Lenander, C., Berglind, D., Müssener, U., Fang, F., Östgren, C. J., et al. (2026) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-026-05140-z
“…conscription, and height at conscription, the latter serving as a marker of secular changes in growth and health conditions (i.e., the Flynn effect [39] ); (2) educational level at SCAPIS; and (3) socioeconomic indicators at SCAPIS, including educational level, and questions about having serious…”
Cherfane, M., Ghanem, M., Choueiry, G., Nasser, S. M., Elias-Rizk, T., & Bahous, S. A. (2026) · JMIR Medical Education · doi:10.2196/94197
“…the long-term increase in standardized cognitive test scores across generations, estimated at approximately 2 to 3 IQ points per decade across many populations, and highlights that population-level changes may influence the interpretation and ongoing evaluation of standardized assessments [15, 16].”
Darmasti, A. H., Zender, R., Sianipar, A., & Niels Pinkwart, C. (2026) · Frontiers in Virtual Reality · doi:10.3389/frvir.2026.1870193
ADHD diagnosis, symptom severity, and WAIS-IV working memory profiles in an adult clinical sample
Cha, Y. J., & Lee, K. (2026) · Applied Neuropsychology Adult · doi:10.1080/23279095.2026.2740759
Lesigang, J., Vetter, M., Voracek, M., & Pietschnig, J. (2026) · Intelligence & Cognitive Abilities · doi:10.65550/001c.171910
Standard Cognitive Tests in a Digital Age: A Historical Comparison of Pupils’ Reasoning
Žáček, M. (2026) · Technology Knowledge and Learning · doi:10.1007/s10758-026-10036-1
De IQ-score in twijfel getrokken: Evolutie naar een multidimensioneel cognitief vaardigheidsprofiel
Uzieblo, K., Habets, P., & Jeandarme, I. (2015) · Neuropraxis · doi:10.1007/s12474-015-0095-y
Metadata
- Authors
- Trahan, L. H., Stuebing, K. K., Fletcher, J. M., & Hiscock, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Houston (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 2014
- Volume
- 140
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1332-1360
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- PMC
- PMC4152423
- OpenAlex
- W2164636756
- Cited by
- 364
- References
- 262
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 56 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 27.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Novartis Foundation
- University of Cambridge
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P50HD052117)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Intergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies
- Keywords
- Flynn effect, IQ trends, Stanford-Binet, measurement error, effect size, validation samples
- MeSH terms
- Capital Punishment, Education, Special, Humans, Intelligence, Intelligence Tests, Intellectual Disability
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-03, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-03 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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