The DOI matches its Crossref record; 57 of the 58 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Psychological resilience early in the COVID-19 pandemic: Stressors, resources, and coping strategies in a national sample of Americans.
Open accessAbstract
Spreading rapidly across the United States beginning in the spring of 2020, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic radically disrupted Americans' lives. Previous studies of community-wide disasters suggested people are fairly resilient and identified resources and strategies that promote that resilience. Yet, the COVID-19 pandemic is in some ways unique, with high levels of uncertainty, evolving implications and restrictions, and varied and uneven impacts. How resilient were Americans as the pandemic progressed? What psychosocial resources and coping strategies facilitated adjustment as the country moved into a summer of uneven reopenings and reclosures? Data from a national sample of 674 Americans were gathered at the height of early lockdowns and peaking infections in mid-April, 2020, and again, 5 and 10 weeks later. The study aimed to determine levels and sources of distress and to identify the resources and coping efforts that promoted or impeded resilience. Early levels of distress diminished to some extent over subsequent months while levels of wellbeing were comparable with usual norms, suggesting a largely resilient response. COVID-19-related stress exposure also decreased gradually over time. Older age, higher levels of mindfulness and social support, and meaning focused coping predicted better adjustment, reflecting resilience, while avoidance coping was particularly unhelpful. In models predicting change over time, approach-oriented coping (i.e., active coping, meaning-focused coping, and seeking social support) was minimally predictive of subsequent adjustment. Given the unique and ongoing circumstances presented by COVID-19, specific interventions targeting psychosocial resources and coping identified here may help to promote resilience as the pandemic continues to unfold. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“better coping has been repeatedly linked to lower levels of COVID‐19 distress and growth (Park et al., 2021).”
From Parenthood during the COVID‐19 pandemic: Post‐traumatic growth amongst university students (2023) · cites this paper as Park et al., 2021
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“There is substantial evidence in adults that trait mindfulness promotes resilience to COVID-19 stressors [46–51].”
From Mindfulness supports emotional resilience in children during the COVID-19 pandemic (2023) · cites this paper as [46]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Increased mindfulness predicted greater use of adaptive coping strategies (i.e., active, meaning-focused, and support-seeking coping) and less use of maladaptive strategies (i.e., avoidance coping) over time, contributing positively to resilience (Park et al., 2021).”
From RESILIENCE, COPING, AND THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ACROSS THE GLOBE – AN UPDATE: WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED? (2023) · cites this paper as Park et al., 2021
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In Americans, mindfulness positively predicted resilience overtime during the height of the pandemic marked by lockdowns and increasing infection rates (Park et al., 2021).”
From RESILIENCE, COPING, AND THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ACROSS THE GLOBE – AN UPDATE: WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED? (2023) · cites this paper as Park et al., 2021
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Comparative fit indexes in structural models.
Bentler, P. M. (1990) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238 · Cited by 25,266
The Psychological Impact of Quarantine and How to Reduce It: Rapid Review of the Evidence
Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020) · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3532534 · Cited by 16,394
The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence
Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30460-8 · Cited by 16,378
Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-u · Cited by 14,523
Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17051729 · Cited by 9,923
You want to measure coping but your protocol’ too long: Consider the brief cope
Carver, C. S. (1997) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1207/s15327558ijbm0401_6 · Cited by 7,361
A scaled difference chi-square test statistic for moment structure analysis
Satorra, A., & Bentler, P. M. (2001) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02296192 · Cited by 5,282
Qiu, J., Shen, B., Zhao, M., Wang, Z., Xie, B., & Xu, Y. (2020) · General Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/gpsych-2020-100213 · Cited by 4,307
Equivalence of the Mediation, Confounding and Suppression Effect
MacKinnon, D. P., Krull, J. L., & Lockwood, C. M. (2000) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1023/a:1026595011371 · Cited by 4,188
Measurement and Control of Response Bias
Paulhus, D. L. (1991) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-590241-0.50006-x · Cited by 3,867
Ensuring Positiveness of the Scaled Difference Chi-square Test Statistic
Satorra, A., & Bentler, P. M. (2009) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/s11336-009-9135-y · Cited by 2,880
Galea, S., Merchant, R. M., & Lurie, N. (2020) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.1562 · Cited by 2,089
A checklist for testing measurement invariance
van de Schoot, R., Lugtig, P., & Hox, J. (2012) · European Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17405629.2012.686740 · Cited by 2,064
Peterman, A. H., Fitchett, G., Brady, M. J., Hernandez, L., & Cella, D. (2002) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1207/s15324796abm2401_06 · Cited by 1,751
Feldman, G., Hayes, A., Kumar, S., Greeson, J., & Laurenceau, J.-P. (2007) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-006-9035-8 · Cited by 1,630
Zhang, Y., & Ma, Z. F. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17072381 · Cited by 1,477
Bonanno, G. A., Galea, S., Bucciarelli, A., & Vlahov, D. (2007) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.75.5.671 · Cited by 1,461
Jain, S., Shapiro, S. L., Swanick, S., Roesch, S. C., Mills, P. J., Bell, I., & Schwartz, G. E. R. (2007) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1207/s15324796abm3301_2 · Cited by 1,300 · cited 2×
“66) scores were similar to those reported by adults enrolling in a stress management intervention (Jain et al., 2007).”
InfluentialBonanno, G. A., Brewin, C. R., Kaniasty, K., & Greca, A. M. L. (2010) · Psychological Science in the Public Interest · doi:10.1177/1529100610387086 · Cited by 1,289
Galatzer-Levy, I. R., Huang, S. H., & Bonanno, G. A. (2018) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2018.05.008 · Cited by 878
Cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire–development of a short 18-item version (CERQ-short)
Garnefski, N., & Kraaij, V. (2006) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2006.04.010 · Cited by 811
Bonanno, G. A., & Diminich, E. D. (2012) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12021 · Cited by 791
Zacher, H., & Rudolph, C. W. (2021) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000702 · Cited by 643
The Peritraumatic Distress Inventory: A Proposed Measure of PTSD Criterion A2
Brunet, A., Weiss, D. S., Metzler, T. J., Best, S. R., Neylan, T. C., Rogers, C. E., Fagan, J., & Marmar, C. R. (2001) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.9.1480 · Cited by 605
COVID-19 and the policy sciences: initial reactions and perspectives
Weible, C. M., Nohrstedt, D., Cairney, P., Carter, D. P., Anderson, D., Durnová, A. P., Heikkila, T., Ingold, K., McConnell, A., & Stone, D. (2020) · Policy Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11077-020-09381-4 · Cited by 602
Mental Health Response to Community Disasters: A Systematic Review
North, C. S., & Pfefferbaum, B. (2013) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2013.107799 · Cited by 549
Psychological adjustment during the global outbreak of COVID-19: A resilience perspective.
Chen, S., & Bonanno, G. A. (2020) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000685 · Cited by 505
Pietromonaco, P. R., & Overall, N. C. (2020) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000714 · Cited by 464
Mortensen, K., & Hughes, T. L. (2018) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-017-4246-0 · Cited by 441
Resilience in Development: Progress and Transformation
Masten, A. S., & Cicchetti, D. (2016) · Developmental Psychopathology · doi:10.1002/9781119125556.devpsy406 · Cited by 416
Bartneck, C., Duenser, A., Moltchanova, E., & Zawieska, K. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0121595 · Cited by 317
The importance of assessing clinical phenomena in Mechanical Turk research.
Hall, K. A. A., Çek, D., Shaw, A. M., & Timpano, K. R. (2015) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000217 · Cited by 311
Pietrzak, R. H., Feder, A., Singh, R., Schechter, C. B., Bromet, E. J., Katz, C. L., Reissman, D. B., Ozbay, F., Sharma, V., Crane, M., et al. (2014) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291713000597 · Cited by 306
Tang, B., Deng, Q., Glik, D., Dong, J., & Zhang, L. (2017) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph14121537 · Cited by 299
Dong, E., Ratcliff, J., Goyea, T. D., Katz, A., Lau, R., Ng, T. K., Garcia, B., Bolt, E., Prata, S., Zhang, D., et al. (2022) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(22)00434-0 · Cited by 299
Are Mechanical Turk worker samples representative of health status and health behaviors in the U.S.?
Walters, K., Christakis, D., & Wright, D. R. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0198835 · Cited by 246
Johnson, D. C., Thom, N. J., Stanley, E. A., Haase, L., Simmons, A. N., Shih, P.-A. B., Thompson, W. K., Potterat, E. G., Minor, T. R., & Paulus, M. P. (2014) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.13040502 · Cited by 227
Web-Based and Mobile Stress Management Intervention for Employees: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Heber, E., Lehr, D., Ebert, D. D., Berking, M., & Riper, H. (2016) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.5112 · Cited by 213
Kim, H. S., & Hodgins, D. C. (2017) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000219 · Cited by 206
Infurna, F. J., & Luthar, S. S. (2018) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2018.07.003 · Cited by 177
Post traumatic stress disorder and coping strategies among adult survivors of earthquake, Nepal
Baral, I. A., & Bhagawati, K. C. (2019) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-019-2090-y · Cited by 161
Park, C. L., Aldwin, C. M., Fenster, J. R., & Snyder, L. B. (2008) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/a0014054 · Cited by 144
Self-citationThe Turker Blues: Hidden Factors Behind Increased Depression Rates Among Amazon’s Mechanical Turkers
Ophir, Y., Sisso, I., Asterhan, C. S. C., Tikochinski, R., & Reichart, R. (2019) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702619865973 · Cited by 124
Dell’Osso, L., Carmassi, C., Massimetti, G., Stratta, P., Riccardi, I., Capanna, C., Akiskal, K. K., Akiskal, H. S., & Rossi, A. (2012) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.08.048 · Cited by 122
Wadsworth, M. E., Santiago, C. D., & Einhorn, L. (2009) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615800902855781 · Cited by 112
Peritraumatic Distress and the Course of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis
Thomas, E. M., Saumier, D., & Brunet, A. (2012) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674371205700209 · Cited by 101
COVID-19 Exposes the Cracks in Our Already Fragile Mental Health System
Auerbach, J., & Miller, B. F. (2020) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2020.305699 · Cited by 99
Online interventions for anxiety disorders
Christensen, H., Batterham, P., & Calear, A. (2014) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0000000000000019 · Cited by 95
Meaning making coping, making sense, and post-traumatic growth following the 9/11 terrorist attacks
Park, C. L., Riley, K. E., & Snyder, L. B. (2012) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2012.671347 · Cited by 90
Self-citationMindfulness’ effects on stress, coping, and mood: A daily diary goodness-of-fit study.
Finkelstein‐Fox, L., Park, C. L., & Riley, K. E. (2018) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000495 · Cited by 83
Self-citationKaslow, N. J., Friis-Healy, E. A., Cattie, J. E., Cook, S., Crowell, A. L., Cullum, K. A., del Rı́o, C., Marshall-Lee, E. D., LoPilato, A. M., Vanderbroek, L. A., et al. (2020) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000694 · Cited by 78
Mindfulness and emotion regulation: promoting well-being during the transition to college
Finkelstein-Fox, L., Park, C. L., & Riley, K. E. (2018) · Anxiety, Stress, & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2018.1518635 · Cited by 65
Self-citationMeasuring Cumulative Stressfulness: Psychometric Properties of the COVID-19 Stressors Scale
Tambling, R. R., Russell, B. S., Park, C. L., Fendrich, M., Hutchinson, M., Horton, A. L., & Tomkunas, A. J. (2020) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/1090198120979912 · Cited by 65
Self-citationAn, Y., Yuan, G., Zhang, N., Xu, W., Liu, Z., & Zhou, F. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.03.034 · Cited by 40
What does resilience signify? An evaluation of concepts and directions for future research
Infurna, F. J. (2020) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000507365 · Cited by 31
Cavanagh, S. R., Fitzgerald, E. J., & Urry, H. L. (2014) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0035422 · Cited by 29
Bell, C., Boden, J. M., Horwood, L. J., & Mulder, R. (2017) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867417691852 · Cited by 27
Waiting Well: Tips for Navigating Painful Uncertainty
Sweeny, K. M. (2012) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2011.00423.x · Cited by 12
Research works printed but not linked: 8
- Aldwin CM (2007). Stress, coping, and development: An integrative perspective (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
- Browne MW, & Cudeck R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In Bollen KA and Long JS (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136– 162). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
- Cohen J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. New York, NY: Routledge Academic.
- Cohen S, Mermelstein R, Kamarck T, & Hoberman HM (1985). Measuring the functional components of social support. In Sarason IG & Sarason BR (Eds.), Social support: Theory, research, and applications (pp. 73– 94). Seattle, WA: Martinus Nijhoff.
- Finkelstein-Fox L, Park CL, & Riley KE (2019). Mindfulness’ effects on stress, coping, and mood: A daily diary goodness-of-fit study. Emotion, 19, 1002– 1013. doi: 10.1037/emo0000495 30138006 · DOI
- Kline RB (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling, Fourth edition. New York, NY: Guilford.
- Park CL & Blake EB (2020). Resilience and recovery following disasters: The meaning making model (pp. 9– 25). In Schulenberg SE (Ed.), Positive psychological approaches to disaster: Meaning, resilience, and posttraumatic growth. New York, NY: Springer.
- Park CL, Kaiser AP, Finkelstein-Fox L, Spiro A III, & Wachen JS (in press). Risk and resilience factors for traumatic stress disorders. In Beck G. & Sloan D. (Eds.), Oxford handbook of traumatic stress disorders. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Meaning making following trauma.
Park, C. L. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.844891 · Cited by 103
Self-citationSampogna, G., Del Vecchio, V., Giallonardo, V., Luciano, M., Albert, U., Carmassi, C., Carrà, G., Cirulli, F., Dell’Osso, B., Menculini, G., et al. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11091231 · Cited by 67
Grelle, K., Shrestha, N., Ximenes, M. C., Perrotte, J. K., Cordaro, M., Deason, R. G., & Howard, K. J. (2023) · Journal of Adult Development · doi:10.1007/s10804-023-09442-x · Cited by 66
Dignity Inherent and Earned: The Experience of Dignity at Work
Gibson, C. B., Thomason, B., Margolis, J. A., Groves, K. S., Gibson, S. C., & Franczak, J. (2022) · Academy of Management Annals · doi:10.5465/annals.2021.0059 · Cited by 67
Landi, G., Pakenham, K. I., Mattioli, E., Crocetti, E., Agostini, A., Grandi, S., & Tossani, E. (2022) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2022.08.008 · Cited by 59
Metadata
- Authors
- Park, C. L., Finkelstein-Fox, L., Russell, B. S., Fendrich, M., Hutchison, M., & Becker, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Connecticut (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 2021-07
- Volume
- 76
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 715-728
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- PMC
- PMC8595499
- OpenAlex
- W3163953615
- Cited by
- 127
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 4
- FWCI
- 14.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (1R34AA027455)
- University of Connecticut
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Student Stress and Coping
- Keywords
- psychological resilience, COVID-19 pandemic, stressors, coping strategies, psychosocial resources, mindfulness, social support, meaning-focused coping, avoidance coping, approach-oriented coping, psychological distress, well-being, lockdown, older adults
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, Adaptation, Psychological, Communicable Disease Control, Humans, Social Support, United States, Resilience, Psychological, Pandemics, Mindfulness
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
