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Cited by 222Racial and Ethnic Identity ResearchSocial and Intergroup PsychologyCounseling Practices and Supervision

The relation of racial identity, ethnic identity, and racial socialization to discrimination–distress: A meta-analysis of Black Americans

Lee, Debbiesiu L., Ahn, Soyeon·2013·Journal of Counseling Psychology
DOI 10.1037/a0031275
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Abstract

This meta-analysis synthesized the results of 27 studies examining the relations of racial identity, ethnic identity, and racial socialization to discrimination-distress for Black Americans. The purpose was to uncover which constructs connected to racial identity, ethnic identity, and racial socialization most strongly correlate with racial discrimination and psychological distress. Discrimination significantly related to aspects of racial identity, including immersion-emersion, public regard, encounter, Afrocentricity/racial centrality/private regard, and internalization. Distress significantly correlated with preencounter/assimilation, encounter, public regard, immersion-emersion, and Afrocentricity/racial centrality/private regard. Several of these relationships were significantly moderated by the measure of racial identity or demographic variables (gender or age). Implications of these findings are discussed.

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  • The magnitude of associations in this meta-analysis was similar to or slightly higher than findings from previous meta-analyses that focused on specific ethnic/racial population groups.

    “The magnitude of associations in our meta-analysis was similar (or slightly higher) than findings from previous meta-analyses that focused on these specific ethnic/racial population groups [28–31].”

    From Racism as a Determinant of Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2015) · cites this paper as [30]

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Related

Authors
Lee, D. L., & Ahn, S.
Affiliations
University of Miami (US)
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Counseling Psychology
Publisher
American Psychological Association (APA)
Published
2013-01
Volume
60
Issue
1
Pages
1-14
ISSN
  • 0022-0167 (ISSN-L)
  • 1939-2168
DOI
10.1037/a0031275
OpenAlex
W1991139929
Cited by
222
References
57
Citations by year
2026: 10 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 1
FWCI
6.80
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Journal of Counseling Psychology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Counseling Practices and Supervision
Keywords
racial identity, ethnic identity, racial socialization, racial discrimination, psychological distress, African Americans, Afrocentrism, public regard, encounter, assimilation, gender differences, age differences
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Black or African American, Child, Ethnicity, Female, Humans, Male, Self Concept, Social Identification, Social Perception, Socialization, Stress, Psychological, Age Distribution, Sex Distribution, Racial Groups, Young Adult, Racism

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