“False memory” is a linguistic convenience.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
These cannabis-induced deficits in decision making and working memory have been associated with increased CB1 receptor activation in the hippocampus.
“that have been associated to increased cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1 receptor) activation in the hippocampus (10, 11).”
From Hazy memories in the courtroom: A review of alcohol and other drug effects on false memory and suggestibility (2021) · cites this paper as [10]
Cites
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., & Buchner, A. (2007) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/bf03193146 · Cited by 65,971 · see citing works
Construct validity in psychological tests.
Cronbach, L. J., & Meehl, P. E. (1955) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0040957 · Cited by 11,195 · see citing works
A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing.
Collins, A. M., & Loftus, E. F. (1975) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.82.6.407 · Cited by 8,141 · see citing works
The proof and measurement of association between two things
Spearman, C. (1904) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1412159 · Cited by 8,039 · see citing works
REMEMBERING: A STUDY IN EXPERIMENTAL AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
Bartlett, F. C., & Burt, C. (1933) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1933.tb02913.x · Cited by 7,475 · see citing works
Orne, M. T. (1962) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/h0043424 · Cited by 4,041 · see citing works
Development, reliability, and validity of a dissociation scale
BERNSTEIN, E. M., & PUTNAM, F. W. (1986) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-198612000-00004 · Cited by 3,793 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Prior work has reported adequate discriminant validity for this measure (Bernstein & Putnam, 1986; Carlson & Putnam, 1993).”
BackgroundCreating false memories: Remembering words not presented in lists.
Roediger, H. L., & McDermott, K. B. (1995) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.21.4.803 · Cited by 3,792 · see citing works
Overall job satisfaction: How good are single-item measures?
Wanous, J. P., Reichers, A. E., & Hudy, M. J. (1997) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.82.2.247 · Cited by 3,478 · see citing works
Robins, R. W., Hendin, H. M., & Trzesniewski, K. H. (2001) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167201272002 · Cited by 3,041 · see citing works
On the prediction of occurrence of particular verbal intrusions in immediate recall.
Deese, J. (1959) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0046671 · Cited by 2,109 · see citing works
VISUAL IMAGERY DIFFERENCES IN THE RECALL OF PICTURES
MARKS, D. F. (1973) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1973.tb01322.x · Cited by 1,778 · see citing works
Semantic integration of verbal information into a visual memory
Loftus, E. F., Miller, D. G., & Burns, H. J. (1978) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.4.1.19 · Cited by 1,511 · see citing works
(1993) · Cited by 1,279 · see citing works
Leading questions and the eyewitness report
Loftus, E. F. (1975) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(75)90023-7 · Cited by 1,233 · see citing works
The formation of false memories
Loftus, E. F., & Pickrell, J. E. (1995) · Psychiatric Annals · doi:10.3928/0048-5713-19951201-07 · Cited by 1,125 · see citing works
Phenomenal characteristics of memories for perceived and imagined autobiographical events.
Johnson, M. K., Foley, M. A., Suengas, A. G., & Raye, C. L. (1988) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.117.4.371 · Cited by 1,046 · see citing works
The reality of repressed memories.
Loftus, E. F. (1993) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.48.5.518 · Cited by 960 · see citing works
The seven sins of memory: how the mind forgets and remembers
(2001) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.39-2484 · Cited by 921 · see citing works
Evaluation of the evidence for the trauma and fantasy models of dissociation.
Dalenberg, C. J., Brand, B. L., Gleaves, D. H., Dorahy, M. J., Loewenstein, R. J., Cardeña, E., Frewen, P. A., Carlson, E. B., & Spiegel, D. (2012) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0027447 · Cited by 667 · see citing works
Imagination inflation: Imagining a childhood event inflates confidence that it occurred
Garry, M., Manning, C. G., Loftus, E. F., & Sherman, S. J. (1996) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03212420 · Cited by 648 · see citing works
False memories and fantastic beliefs: 15 years of the DRM illusion
Gallo, D. A. (2010) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/mc.38.7.833 · Cited by 564 · see citing works
Norms for word lists that create false memories
Stadler, M. A., Roediger, H. L., III, & McDermott, K. B. (1999) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03211543 · Cited by 495 · see citing works
A picture is worth a thousand lies: Using false photographs to create false childhood memories
Wade, K. A., Garry, M., Read, J. D., & Lindsay, D. S. (2002) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03196318 · Cited by 469 · see citing works
Psychotherapy and memories of childhood sexual abuse: A cognitive perspective
Lindsay, D. S., & Read, J. D. (1994) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.2350080403 · Cited by 440 · see citing works
Johnson, M. K. (2006) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.61.8.760 · Cited by 340 · see citing works
The creative experiences questionnaire (CEQ): a brief self-report measure of fantasy proneness
Merckelbach, H., Horselenberg, R., & Muris, P. (2001) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(00)00201-4 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
Individual Differences and the Creation of False Childhood Memories
Hyman, I. E., & Billings, F. J. (1998) · Memory · doi:10.1080/741941598 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Zimmerman, M. A., Ruggero, C. J., Chelminski, I., Young, D., Posternak, M. A., Friedman, M. A., Boerescu, D. A., & Attiullah, N. (2006) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v67n1007 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Compliance in an interrogative situation: A new scale
Gudjonsson, G. H. (1989) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(89)90035-4 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
A mega-analysis of memory reports from eight peer-reviewed false memory implantation studies
Scoboria, A., Wade, K. A., Lindsay, D. S., Azad, T., Strange, D. M., Ost, J., & Hyman, I. E. (2016) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2016.1260747 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Self-citationPlausibility and belief in autobiographical memory
Scoboria, A., Mazzoni, G., Kirsch, I., & Relyea, M. (2004) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.1062 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Self-citationHow to Tell If a Particular Memory Is True or False
Bernstein, D. M., & Loftus, E. F. (2009) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01140.x · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Self-citationNeural activity during encoding predicts false memories created by misinformationPreprint
Okado, Y., & Stark, C. E. L. (2005) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.87605 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Interviewing Witnesses: Forced Confabulation and Confirmatory Feedback Increase False Memories
Zaragoza, M. S., Payment, K. E., Ackil, J. K., Drivdahl, S. B., & Beck, M. R. (2001) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00388 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
False memories: What the hell are they for?
Newman, E. J., & Lindsay, D. S. (2009) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.1613 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
The role of belief in occurrence within autobiographical memory.
Scoboria, A., Jackson, D. L., Talarico, J., Hanczakowski, M., Wysman, L., & Mazzoni, G. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/a0034110 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Self-citationRich False Memories: The Royal Road to Success.
Loftus, E. F., & Bernstein, D. M. (2005) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10895-008 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Self-citationFalse Memory ≠ False Memory: DRM Errors Are Unrelated to the Misinformation Effect
Ost, J., Blank, H., Davies, J., Jones, G., Lambert, K., & Salmon, K. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057939 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Individual Differences in Persuadability in the Health Promotion Domain
Kaptein, M. C., Lacroix, J. P. W., & Saini, P. K. (2010) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-13226-1_11 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
The relationship between DRM and misinformation false memories
Zhu, B., Chen, C., Loftus, E. F., Lin, C., & Dong, Q. (2013) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-013-0300-2 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
The children's life events inventory
Monaghan, J. H., Robinson, J., & Dodge, J. A. (1979) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(79)90073-4 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
False beliefs about fattening foods can have healthy consequences
Bernstein, D. M., Laney, C., Morris, E. K., & Loftus, E. F. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0504869102 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citationThe revelation effect: When disguising test items induces recognition.
Watkins, M. J., & Peyni̇rci̇oğlu, Z. F. (1990) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.16.6.1012 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Loftus, E. F. (2017) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010416-044138 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
False memory tasks do not reliably predict other false memories.
Patihis, L., Frenda, S. J., & Loftus, E. F. (2018) · Psychology of Consciousness Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/cns0000147 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Deconstructing Rich False Memories of Committing Crime: Commentary on Shaw and Porter (2015)
Wade, K. A., Garry, M., & Pezdek, K. (2018) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797617703667 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Children's false memories: different false memory paradigms reveal different results
Otgaar, H., & Candel, I. (2011) · Psychology Crime and Law · doi:10.1080/10683160903373392 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Adults' memories of childhood: True and false reports.
Qin, J., Ogle, C. M., & Goodman, G. S. (2008) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Applied · doi:10.1037/a0014309 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Fisk, J. (2016) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315696935 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
The misinformation effect is unrelated to the DRM effect with and without a DRM warning
Calvillo, D. P., & Parong, J. A. (2015) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2015.1005633 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Mazzoni, G. A. L. (2002) · European Psychologist · doi:10.1027//1016-9040.7.1.17 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
The consequences of suggesting false childhood food events
Bernstein, D. M., Scoboria, A., & Arnold, R. (2015) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2015.01.001 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationSuggesting childhood food illness results in reduced eating behavior
Scoboria, A., Mazzoni, G. A. L., & Jarry, J. L. (2008) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2008.03.002 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationPluto Behaving Badly: False Beliefs and Their Consequences
Berkowitz, S. R., Laney, C., Morris, E. K., Garry, M., & Loftus, E. F. (2008) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/20445490 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
The origin of children's implanted false memories: Memory traces or compliance?
Otgaar, H., Verschuère, B., Meijer, E. H., & van Oorsouw, K. I. M. (2012) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2012.01.002 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Monds, L. A., Paterson, H. M., & Kemp, R. I. (2016) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2016.1237653 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
The Red Herring technique: a methodological response to the problem of demand characteristics
Laney, C., Kaasa, S. O., Morris, E. K., Berkowitz, S. R., Bernstein, D. M., & Loftus, E. F. (2007) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-007-0122-6 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationWeldon, R. B., Corbin, J. C., Garavito, D. M. N., & Reyna, V. F. (2016) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315636535-9 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Freyd (1998) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0720(199812)12:7
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 61 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Return of the Repressed: The Persistent and Problematic Claims of Long-Forgotten Trauma
Otgaar, H., Howe, M. L., Patihis, L., Merckelbach, H. L. G. J., Lynn, S. J., Lilienfeld, S. O., & Loftus, E. F. (2019) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691619862306 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
False memory tasks do not reliably predict other false memories.
Patihis, L., Frenda, S. J., & Loftus, E. F. (2018) · Psychology of Consciousness Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/cns0000147 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Who is susceptible in three false memory tasks?
Nichols, R. M., & Loftus, E. F. (2019) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2019.1611862 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Kloft, L., Monds, L. A., Blokland, A., Ramaekers, J. G., & Otgaar, H. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.02.012 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“Suggestibility and other suggestion-based measures, such as susceptibility to the misinformation effect, are terms that are often used interchangeably in the legal psychological context, even though they tend to be only weakly correlated (Bernstein et al., 2018).”
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) practitioners’ beliefs about memory.
Houben, S. T. L., Otgaar, H., Roelofs, J., Wessel, I., Patihis, L., & Merckelbach, H. L. G. J. (2019) · Psychology of Consciousness Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/cns0000211 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Otgaar, H., Houben, S. T. L., Rassin, E., & Merckelbach, H. L. G. J. (2021) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2021.1966043 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Partisan bias in false memories for misinformation about the 2021 U.S. Capitol riot
Calvillo, D. P., Harris, J. D., & Hawkins, W. C. (2022) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2022.2127771 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Linking creativity and false memory: Common consequences of a flexible memory system
Thakral, P. P., Devitt, A. L., Brashier, N. M., & Schacter, D. L. (2021) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104905 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Do lateral eye movements increase susceptibility to misinformation? A registered replication
Calvillo, D. P., & Emami, A. S. (2019) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-019-01641-6 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Dodier, O., Barzykowski, K., & Souchay, C. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1268757 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Calado, B., Otgaar, H., & Muris, P. (2018) · Journal of Child Custody · doi:10.1080/15379418.2019.1568948 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Patihis, L. (2018) · Psychology of Consciousness Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/cns0000143 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Investigating the Relations Among Different Measures of False Memory
Falzarano, F., & Siedlecki, K. L. (2019) · Advances in Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.5709/acp-0276-0 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Brassil, M., O’Mahony, C., & Greene, C. M. (2024) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-024-02512-5 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Friehs, M. A., Greene, C. M., & Pastötter, B. (2021) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.15337 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Schacter, D. L., Carpenter, A. C., Devitt, A. L., & Thakral, P. P. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190917982.013.46 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Dissociation and false memory: the moderating role of trauma and cognitive ability
Sajjadi, S. F., Sellbom, M., Gross, J., & Hayne, H. (2021) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2021.1963778 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Yin, H., Zhou, Y., & Li, Z. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1380742 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Maraver, M. J., Lapa, A., Garcia‐Marques, L., Carneiro, P., & Raposo, A. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0272427 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Weak correlations among 13 episodic memory tasks related to the same public event
Murphy, G., Loftus, E., Levine, L. J., Grady, R. H., & Greene, C. M. (2023) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.4103 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Imagining Experiencing an Event in the Future Inflates Certainty That It Occurred in the Past
Calvillo, D. P., Flores, A. N., Lara, P. M., Hawkins, W. C., Boman, L. D., & Smelter, T. J. (2018) · Imagination Cognition and Personality · doi:10.1177/0276236618803308 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Coburn, P. I., Dogra, K. K., Rai, I. K., & Bernstein, D. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.718818 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationMemory updating after retrieval: when new information is false or correct
Carneiro, P., Lapa, A., & Finn, B. (2021) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2021.1968438 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Methods of Exploring Related-Meaning-Based False Memories
McGuire, K. (2021) · Journal of Cognition and Development · doi:10.1080/15248372.2021.1976782 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Are False Memory and Creative Thinking Mediated by Common Neural Substrates? An fMRI Meta-Analysis
Thakral, P. P., Starkey, C. C., Devitt, A. L., & Schacter, D. L. (2023) · Creativity Research Journal · doi:10.1080/10400419.2023.2269356 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Contrast analysis for competing hypotheses: A tutorial using the R package cofad
Henninger, M., Malejka, S., & Titz, J. (2025) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-025-02833-w · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Future Planning May Promote Prospective False Memories
Cohen, A., Silverstein, M. J., Derksen, D. G., Hamzagic, Z. I., Bernstein, D. M., & Lindsay, D. S. (2020) · Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.jarmac.2020.02.004 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationFalse remembering in real life: James Ost’s contributions to memory psychology
Blank, H., Nash, R. A., Otgaar, H., Patihis, L., & Rubínová, E. (2022) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2022.2080968 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Revictimisation and false memory formation
Calado, B. (2022) · doi:10.26481/dis.20220520bc · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Howard, A. P. (2018) · Scholarship at UWindsor (University of Windsor)
Patihis, L. (2018) · Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.jarmac.2018.08.003
Do your eyes protect your memory?
Houben, S. T. L. (2021) · doi:10.26481/dis.20210527sh
Kloft, L. (2021) · doi:10.26481/dis.20210623lk
Memory Distortions: An Interdisciplinary Framework for Cognitive-Affective Bias
González, N. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-31709-5_27
Wade, K. A., Nash, R. A., & Erner, L. C. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-15754-7.00005-5
Gedächtnisverzerrungen: Ein interdisziplinärer Rahmen für kognitive-affektive Verzerrungen
González, N. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-58979-9_27
CogMemo: a standardized, structured and formalized terminological repository on human memory
Arnould, F. (2025) · Lexis · doi:10.4000/13wn8
Faux souvenirs et vieillissement normal : rôle des paradigmes et des facteurs cognitifs
Lefebvre, L., Gilet, A., & Colombel, F. (2025) · L’Année psychologique · doi:10.3917/anpsy1.253.0257
Schock, J., & Cortese, M. J. (2025) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2025.2598361
Recall of Trauma and False Versus Recovered Memories
Brewin, C. R., & Andrews, B. (2026) · Expert Evidence · doi:10.1002/9781394337507.ch12
- Authors
- Bernstein, D. M., Scoboria, A., Desjarlais, L., & Soucie, K.
- Affiliations
- Kwantlen Polytechnic University (CA)
- University of Windsor (CA)
- Venue
- Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice
- Published
- 2018-06
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 161-179
- ISSN
- 2326-5523 (ISSN-L)
- 2326-5531
- OpenAlex
- W2802824760
- Cited by
- 43
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 6
- FWCI
- 3.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychology of Consciousness Theory Research and Practice (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Canada Research (950–228407)
- Kwantlen Polytechnic University
- Social Science and Humanities Research Council (435–2015-0040)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Epistemology, Ethics, and Metaphysics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
- Keywords
- false memory, language and memory
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review