The DOI matches its Crossref record; 13 of the 13 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The measurement of pessimism: the hopelessness scale
Abstract
A scale designed to quantify hopelessness was administered to several diverse samples of patients to assess its psychometric properties. This scale was found to have a high degree of internal consistency and showed a relatively high correlation with the clinical ratings of hopelessness and other self-administered measures of hopelessness. Furthermore, the scale was sensitive to changes in the patient's state of depression over time. An affective, a motivational, and a cognitive factor were extracted.
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“It presents adequate internal consistency (α = 0.93) and has been validated in the Spanish population (41).”
From Spanish Adaptation of Meaning-Centered Psychotherapy for Participants With Cancer: Study Protocol of a Randomized Control Trial (2022) · cites this paper as [40]
In the citing paper
“In both clinical and non-clinical samples, the measure has good psychometric properties (e.g. Beck et al., 1974; Bouvard et al., 1992; Steed, 2001; Kliem et al., 2018).”
From Feasibility, Acceptability and Preliminary Efficacy of Dialectical Behavior Therapy for Autistic Adults without Intellectual Disability: A Mixed Methods Study (2022) · cites this paper as Beck et al., 1974
Citations
Cites
Depression. Clinical, Experimental, and Theoretical Aspects.
(1968) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-68-2-502 · Cited by 5,233
Thinking and Depression: I. Idiosyncratic Content and Cognitive Distortions
BECK, A. T. (1963) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1963.01720160014002 · Cited by 1,308
Self-citationSanity, Madness and the Family
Little, A. C., Laing, R., & Esterson, A. (1965) · British Journal of Sociology · doi:10.2307/588768 · Cited by 594
Stotland, E. (1969) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 579
Hopelessness, Depression, and Attempted Suicide
Minkoff, K., BERGMAN, E., Beck, A. T., & Beck, R. W. (1973) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.130.4.455 · Cited by 527
Self-citationRelationship of Separation and Depression to Disease
Schmale, A. H. (1958) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-195807000-00001 · Cited by 273
The development of depression: A cognitive model.
Beck, A. T. (1974) · Cited by 257
Self-citationTypes of Hopelessness in Psychopathological Process
Melges, F. T. (1969) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1969.01740180074007 · Cited by 217
Future time perspective: Its relation to the socialization process and the delinquent role.
Stein, K. B., Sarbin, T. R., & Kulik, J. A. (1968) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0025923 · Cited by 104
Depression and Attempted Suicide: A Study of 91 Cases Seen in a Casualty Department
Birtchnell, J., & Alarcón, J. (1971) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.118.544.289 · Cited by 90
Cited by
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Prevention of self-harm and suicide in young people up to the age of 25 in education settings
Sharma, V., Marshall, D., Fortune, S., Prescott, A. E., Boggiss, A., Macleod, E., Mitchell, C., Clarke, A., Robinson, J., Witt, K. G., et al. (2024) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013844.pub2 · Cited by 11
Hopelessness and Suicidal Behavior: An Overview
Beck, A. T. (1975) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1975.03260240050026 · Cited by 11
Self-citationJohn Mann, J., Ellis, S. P., Currier, D., Zelazny, J., Birmaher, B., Oquendo, M. A., Kolko, D. J., Stanley, B., Melhem, N., Burke, A. K., et al. (2016) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2015.1033504 · Cited by 10
Pardue-Bourgeois, S., Goldberg, S. B., Wyman, M. F., Abbas, M., Flynn, A. W. P., Domínguez, S., & Tucker, R. P. (2024) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2023.2270667 · Cited by 6
Marco, J. H., Llombart, P., Guillén, V., Baños, R. M., Romero, R., Garcia-Conde, A., & Pérez Rodríguez, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.892573 · Cited by 7
Suicidal Behavior: The Power of Prospection
MacLeod, A. K. (2016) · The Wiley Handbook of Positive Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/9781118468197.ch20 · Cited by 5
Clinical indicators of the suicide crisis and response to ketamine
Ballard, E. D., Neely, L., Waldman, L., Greenstein, D., & Zarate, C. A. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.11.080 · Cited by 5
Gil-Almagro, F., Carmona-Monge, F. J., García-Hedrera, F. J., & Peñacoba-Puente, C. (2025) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2025.1522134 · Cited by 4
Lam, D. H., Watkins, E. R., Hayward, P., Bright, J., Wright, K., Kerr, N., Parr-Davis, G., & Sham, P. (2003) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.2.145 · Cited by 4
Interian, A., Miller, R., Dave, C., Latorre, M., Hill, L. S., King, A., Boschulte, D. R., Kline, A., Siegel, D., Sedita, M. M., et al. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02392-9 · Cited by 4
Financial perceptions and subjective well-being among older adults
Jafari Bidgoli, M., Gregg, A., Stager, C. G., & Crowther, M. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1709795 · Cited by 2
Anxiety disorders in later life: a report from the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam
Beekman (1998) · Pure Amsterdam UMC · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1166(1998100)13:10 · Cited by 2
Patterson, V. C., Tibbo, P. G., Stewart, S. H., Town, J., Crocker, C. E., Ursuliak, Z., Lee, S., Morrison, J., Abidi, S., Dempster, K., et al. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-06050-1 · Cited by 1
“The Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS) [29, 30] measured hopelessness, while the Brief Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire (BEAQ) [31] measured experiential avoidance.”
MethodWood, L., Williams, C., Pinfold, V., Nolan, F., Morrison, A. P., Morant, N., Lloyd-Evans, B., Lewis, G., Lay, B., Jones, R., et al. (2021) · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-270658/v1 · Cited by 1
Akan, M., Unal, S., & Inceoglu, F. (2026) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2025.0383
“Developed by Beck et al. 20 to measure negative expectations about the future.”
Scale for Suicide Ideation: Psychometric properties of a self-report version
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Ranieri, W. F. (1988) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/1097-4679(198807)44:4
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Beck, A. T., Weissman, A., Lester, D., & Trexler, L.
- Venue
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
- Published
- 1974
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 861-865
- ISSN
- 0022-006X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2117
- OpenAlex
- W2152462550
- Cited by
- 5,494
- References
- 13
- Citations by year
- 2026: 176 · 2025: 206 · 2024: 224 · 2023: 222 · 2022: 205 · 2021: 268 · 2020: 234 · 2019: 166 · 2018: 185 · 2017: 180 · 2016: 236 · 2015: 200 · 2014: 194 · 2013: 163 · 2012: 162
- FWCI
- 13.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Optimism, Hope, and Well-being
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- hopelessness, hopelessness scale, psychometric properties, internal consistency, depression, scale validation
- MeSH terms
- Attitude, Cognition, Depression, Emotions, Humans, Motivation, Psychometrics, Suicide
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