Cited by 5,494Optimism, Hope, and Well-beingAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPsychometric Methodologies and Testing

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The measurement of pessimism: the hopelessness scale

Beck, Aaron T., Weissman, Arlene, Lester, David, Trexler, Larry·1974·Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology

DOI 10.1037/h0037562

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Abstract

A scale designed to quantify hopelessness was administered to several diverse samples of patients to assess its psychometric properties. This scale was found to have a high degree of internal consistency and showed a relatively high correlation with the clinical ratings of hopelessness and other self-administered measures of hopelessness. Furthermore, the scale was sensitive to changes in the patient's state of depression over time. An affective, a motivational, and a cognitive factor were extracted.

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“This scale is composed of 20 items with a false or true answer option, the score ranges from 0 to 20 with higher scores indicating a higher level of hopelessness (Beck et al., 1974).”
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Authors: Beck, A. T., Weissman, A., Lester, D., & Trexler, L.
ORCID: Beck, Aaron T.
Lester, David
Venue: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1974
Volume: 42
Issue: 6
Pages: 861-865
ISSN: 0022-006X (ISSN-L)
1939-2117
DOI: 10.1037/h0037562
OpenAlex: W2152462550
Cited by: 5,494
References: 13
Citations by year: 2026: 176 · 2025: 206 · 2024: 224 · 2023: 222 · 2022: 205 · 2021: 268 · 2020: 234 · 2019: 166 · 2018: 185 · 2017: 180 · 2016: 236 · 2015: 200 · 2014: 194 · 2013: 163 · 2012: 162
FWCI: 13.19
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Optimism, Hope, and Well-being
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Keywords: hopelessness, hopelessness scale, psychometric properties, internal consistency, depression, scale validation
MeSH terms: Attitude, Cognition, Depression, Emotions, Humans, Motivation, Psychometrics, Suicide

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The measurement of pessimism: the hopelessness scale

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