Preference for delayed reward as a function of age, intelligence, and length of delay interval.
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Children become much more capable of self-control as they move from infancy into toddler and preschool years.
“children become much more capable of self-control as they move from infancy into toddler and preschool years (McCabe, Cunnington and Brooks-Gunn [2004], Mischel and Metzner [1962], Posner and Rothbart [2000], Vaughn, Kopp and Krakow [1984]).”
From Personality Psychology and Economics (2011) · cites this paper as Mischel and Metzner [1962]
Cited by
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Delay of gratification in children.
Mischel, W., Shoda, Y., & Rodriguez, M. L. (1989) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2658056 · Cited by 3,397 · see citing works
Self-citationA hot/cool-system analysis of delay of gratification: dynamics of willpower
Metcalfe, J., & Mischel, W. (1999) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.106.1.3 · Cited by 2,931 · see citing works
Self-citationSpecious reward: A behavioral theory of impulsiveness and impulse control.
Ainslie, G. (1975) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0076860 · Cited by 2,708 · see citing works
Personality Psychology and Economics
Almlund, M., Duckworth, A. L., Heckman, J., & Kautz, T. (2011) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w16822 · Cited by 540 · see citing works
Contributions of amygdala and striatal activity in emotion regulation.
Hare, T. A., Tottenham, N., Davidson, M. C., Glover, G. H., & Casey, B. J. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.12.038 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Facilitating Tolerance of Delayed Reinforcement During Functional Communication Training
Fisher, W. W., Thompson, R. H., Hagopian, L. P., Bowman, L. G., & Krug, A. (2000) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445500241001 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Personality Trait Correlates of Intelligence
Zeidner, M. (1995) · International Handbook of Personality and Intelligence · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-5571-8_15 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Relation Between Time Perspective and Delay Discounting: A Literature Review
Teuscher, U., & Mitchell, S. H. (2011) · The Psychological Record · doi:10.1007/bf03395780 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
The development of prudence in the face of varying future rewards
Lemmon, K., & Moore, C. (2007) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2007.00603.x · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Decision making in avoidance–reward conflict: a paradigm for non-human primates and humans
Sierra-Mercado, D., Deckersbach, T., Arulpragasam, A. R., Chou, T., Rodman, A. M., Duffy, A., McDonald, E. J., Eckhardt, C. A., Corse, A. K., Kaur, N., et al. (2015) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-014-0796-7 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
- Authors
- Mischel, W., & Metzner, R.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1962-06
- Volume
- 64
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 425-431
- ISSN
- 0096-851X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2003383587
- Cited by
- 341
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 2.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- impulsivity, age differences, intelligence, delay discounting, decision-making
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Intelligence, Learning, Motivation, Reward
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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