Facilitating Tolerance of Delayed Reinforcement During Functional Communication Training
Abstract
Fewclinical investigations have addressed the problem of delayed reinforcement. In this investigation, three individuals whose destructive behavior was maintained by positive reinforcement were treated using functional communication training (FCT) with extinction (EXT). Next, procedures used in the basic literature on delayed reinforcement and self-control (reinforcer delay fading, punishment of impulsive responding, and provision of an alternative activity during reinforcer delay) were used to teach participants to tolerate delayed reinforcement. With the first case, reinforcer delay fading alonewas effective at maintaining lowrates of destructive behavior while introducing delayed reinforcement. In the second case, the addition of a punishment component reduced destructive behavior to near-zero levels and facilitated reinforcer delay fading. With the third case, reinforcer delay fading was associated with increases in masturbation and head rolling, but prompting and praising the individual for completing work during the delay interval reduced all problem behaviors and facilitated reinforcer delay fading.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The fading-in training effect in children has been replicated several times.
“this effect has been replicated several times (e.g., Dixon et al., 1998; Fisher, Thompson, Hagopian, Bowman, & Krug, 2000)”
From Changing Delay Discounting and Impulsive Choice: Implications for Addictions, Prevention, and Human Health (2019) · cites this paper as Fisher et al., 2000
Cites
Ferster, C. B., & Skinner, B. F. (1957) · doi:10.1037/10627-000 · Cited by 4,894 · see citing works
Toward a functional analysis of self-injury
Iwata, B. A., Dorsey, M. F., Slifer, K. J., Bauman, K. E., & Richman, G. S. (1994) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1901/jaba.1994.27-197 · Cited by 2,644 · see citing works
REDUCING BEHAVIOR PROBLEMS THROUGH FUNCTIONAL COMMUNICATION TRAINING
Carr, E. G., & Durand, V. M. (1985) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1901/jaba.1985.18-111 · Cited by 2,162 · see citing works
Cognitive and attentional mechanisms in delay of gratification.
Mischel, W., Ebbesen, E. Β., & Zeiss, A. R. (1972) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0032198 · Cited by 1,364 · see citing works
COMMITMENT, CHOICE AND SELF‐CONTROL<sup>1</sup>
Rachlin, H., & Green, L. (1972) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1901/jeab.1972.17-15 · Cited by 1,204 · see citing works
Attention in delay of gratification.
Mischel, W., & Ebbesen, E. Β. (1970) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0029815 · Cited by 1,015 · see citing works
Ainslie, G. W. (1974) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1901/jeab.1974.21-485 · Cited by 763 · see citing works
Michael, J. L. (1993) · The Behavior Analyst · doi:10.1007/bf03392623 · Cited by 632 · see citing works
Mazur, J. E., & Odum, A. L. (2015) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003215950 · Cited by 545 · see citing works
The Token Economy: A Motivational System for Therapy and Rehabilitation.
WERRY, J. S. (1969) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1969.01740190123026 · Cited by 536 · see citing works
The token economy: A motivational system for therapy and rehabilitation.
Ayllón, T., & Azrin, N. H. (1968) · DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) · Cited by 505 · see citing works
Hagopian, L. P., Fisher, W. W., Sullivan, M. T., Acquisto, J., & Leblanc, L. A. (1998) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1901/jaba.1998.31-211 · Cited by 422 · see citing works
Self-citationApplying Behavior Analysis Procedures with Children and Youth
Myers, C. A., Sulzer‐Azároff, B., & Mayer, G. R. (1978) · Educational Researcher · doi:10.2307/1175381 · Cited by 420 · see citing works
Vollmer, T. R., Iwata, B. A., Zarcone, J. R., Smith, R. G., & Mazaleski, J. L. (1993) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1901/jaba.1993.26-9 · Cited by 417 · see citing works
CHOICE IN A “SELF‐CONTROL” PARADIGM: EFFECTS OF A FADING PROCEDURE
Mazur, J. E., & Logue, A. W. (1978) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1901/jeab.1978.30-11 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
Wacker, D. P., Steege, M. W., Northup, J., Sasso, G. M., Berg, W., Reimers, T. M., Cooper, L., Cigrand, K., & Donn, L. K. (1990) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1901/jaba.1990.23-417 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
Preference for delayed reward as a function of age, intelligence, and length of delay interval.
Mischel, W., & Metzner, R. (1962) · The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0045046 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
FUNCTIONAL COMMUNICATION TRAINING WITH AND WITHOUT EXTINCTION AND PUNISHMENT
Fisher, W. W., Piazza, C. C., Cataldo, M. F., Harrell, R. M., Jefferson, G. L., & Conner, R. (1993) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1901/jaba.1993.26-23 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Self-citationJournal of Applied Behavior Analysis
Evans, R. B., & Martin, T. J. (2008) · Encyclopedia of Special Education · doi:10.1002/9780470373699.speced1155 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
EVALUATION OF CLIENT PREFERENCE FOR FUNCTION‐BASED TREATMENT PACKAGES
Hanley, G. P., Piazza, C. C., Fisher, W. W., Contrucci, S. A., & Maglieri, K. A. (1997) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1901/jaba.1997.30-459 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Self-citationLalli, J. S., Casey, S. T., & Kates, K. (1995) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1901/jaba.1995.28-261 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Classroom behavior of retarded pupils with token reinforcement
Birnbrauer, J. S., Wolf, M., Kidder, J. D., et al. (1965) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-0965(65)90045-7 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Horner, R. H., Day, H. M., Sprague, J. R., O’Brien, M. E., & Heathfield, L. T. (1991) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1901/jaba.1991.24-265 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
SELF‐CONTROL IN PIGEONS UNDER THE MISCHEL PARADIGM
Grosch, J. W., & Neuringer, A. J. (1981) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1901/jeab.1981.35-3 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
SELF‐CONTROL: TEACHING TOLERANCE FOR DELAY IN IMPULSIVE CHILDREN
Schweitzer, J. B., & Sulzer‐Azaroff, B. (1988) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1901/jeab.1988.50-173 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Sustained behavior under delayed reinforcement.
Ferster, C. B. (1953) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0062158 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
NONCONTINGENT REINFORCEMENT AS TREATMENT FOR SEVERE PROBLEM BEHAVIOR: SOME PROCEDURAL VARIATIONS
Lalli, J. S., Casey, S. D., & Kates, K. (1997) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1901/jaba.1997.30-127 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
NONCONTINGENT DELIVERY OF ARBITRARY REINFORCERS AS TREATMENT FOR SELF‐INJURIOUS BEHAVIOR
Fischer, S. M., Iwata, B. A., & Mazaleski, J. L. (1997) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1901/jaba.1997.30-239 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
A COMPARISON OF SIGNALED AND UNSIGNALED DELAY OF REINFORCEMENT
Richards, R. W. (1981) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1901/jeab.1981.35-145 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Shirley, M. J., Iwata, B. A., Kahng, S., Mazaleski, J. L., & Lerman, D. C. (1997) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1901/jaba.1997.30-93 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
STIMULUS (INSTRUCTIONAL) FADING DURING EXTINCTION OF SELF‐INJURIOUS ESCAPE BEHAVIOR
Pace, G. M., Iwata, B. A., Cowdery, G. E., Andree, P. J., & McIntyre, T. (1993) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1901/jaba.1993.26-205 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Hanley, G. P., Piazza, C. C., & Fisher, W. W. (1997) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1901/jaba.1997.30-229 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Self-citationFREE‐OPERANT BEHAVIOR UNDER CONDITIONS OF DELAYED REINFORCEMENT. I. CRF‐TYPE SCHEDULES
DEWS, P. B. (1960) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1901/jeab.1960.3-221 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
EVALUATION OF THE “CONTROL OVER REINFORCEMENT” COMPONENT IN FUNCTIONAL COMMUNICATION TRAINING
Kahng, S., Iwata, B. A., DeLeon, I. G., & Worsdell, A. S. (1997) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1901/jaba.1997.30-267 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
SOME EFFECTS OF TOKEN REWARDS ON SCHOOL ACHIEVEMENT OF CHILDREN WITH DOWN'S SYNDROME1
Dalton, A. J., Rubino, C. A., & Hislop, M. W. (1973) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1901/jaba.1973.6-251 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
PREFERENCE FOR SIGNALED VERSUS UNSIGNALED REINFORCEMENT DELAY IN CONCURRENT‐CHAIN SCHEDULES
Marcattilio, A. J. M., & Richards, R. W. (1981) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1901/jeab.1981.36-221 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
The use of contingency contracting in controlling adult nailbiting
Ross, J. A. (1974) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0005-7916(74)90029-9 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Stimulus facilitation of delayed-reward learning in the rat.
Tarpy, R. M., & Koster, E. D. (1970) · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0028970 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Molar and Molecular Contingencies and Effects of Punishment in a Human Self-Control Paradigm
Flora, S. R. (1995) · The Psychological Record · doi:10.1007/bf03395932 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Delayed reinforcement and pigeons’ performance on a one-key matching-to-sample task
Richards, R. W. (1986) · Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society · doi:10.3758/bf03330511 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Delay discounting: Trait variable?
Odum, A. L. (2011) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2011.02.007 · Cited by 449 · see citing works
Behavioral treatments in autism spectrum disorder: what do we know?
Vismara, L. A., & Rogers, S. J. (2010) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131151 · Cited by 376 · see citing works
Rung, J. M., & Madden, G. J. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/xge0000462 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
Newcomb, E. T., & Hagopian, L. P. (2018) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540261.2018.1435513 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Self-citationRung, J. M., Peck, S., Hinnenkamp, J. E., Preston, E., & Madden, G. J. (2019) · Perspectives on Behavior Science · doi:10.1007/s40614-019-00200-7 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
A COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTS OF BRIEF RULES, A TIMER, AND PREFERRED TOYS ON SELF‐CONTROL
Newquist, M. H., Dozier, C. L., & Neidert, P. L. (2012) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1901/jaba.2012.45-497 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Preschool Life Skills: Toward Teaching Prosocial Skills and Preventing Aggression in Young Children
Luczynski, K. C., & Fahmie, T. A. (2017) · The Wiley Handbook of Violence and Aggression · doi:10.1002/9781119057574.whbva059 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
- Authors
- Fisher, W. W., Thompson, R. H., Hagopian, L. P., Bowman, L. G., & Krug, A.
- Affiliations
- Kennedy Krieger Institute (US)
- Venue
- Behavior Modification
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2000-01
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 3-29
- ISSN
- 0145-4455 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-4167
- OpenAlex
- W2137938071
- Cited by
- 171
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 2.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Behavior Modification (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Public Health Service (MCJ249149-02)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Keywords
- delayed reinforcement, functional communication training, extinction, self-control, destructive behavior, positive reinforcement, masturbation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aggression, Behavior Therapy, Child, Child, Preschool, Communication, Extinction, Psychological, Female, Humans, Male, Intellectual Disability, Reinforcement Schedule, Token Economy, Self-Injurious Behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
