The DOI matches its Crossref record; 7 of the 7 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Emotion: an example of the need for reorientation in psychology.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Some of the earliest investigations have described emotional experience as comprising two dimensionsvalence and intensity (e.g., Duffy, 1934Duffy, , 1941;;Dunlap, 1932).”
From Emotional Intensity Predicts Autobiographical Memory Experience (2004) · cites this paper as Duffy, 1934
Citations
Cites
Sherman, M. (1927) · Journal of comparative psychology · doi:10.1037/h0073204 · Cited by 91
The differentiation of emotional responses in infants.
Sherman, M. R. (1928) · Journal of comparative psychology · doi:10.1037/h0069981 · Cited by 63
That whale among the fishes—the theory of emotions.
Meyer, M. (1933) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0071608 · Cited by 61
The Measurement of Muscular Tension as a Technique for the Study of Emotional Tendencies
Duffy, E. A. (1932) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1414961 · Cited by 45
Self-citationPsychology and the psychogalvanic reflex.
Landis, C. (1930) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0072320 · Cited by 41
Are Emotions Teleological Constructs?
Dunlap, K. (1932) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1415359 · Cited by 23
Are there any native emotions?
Dashiell, J. F. (1928) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0075969 · Cited by 11
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The brain basis of emotion: a meta-analytic review
Lindquist, K. A., Wager, T. D., Kober, H., Bliss-Moreau, E., & Barrett, L. F. (2012) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x11000446 · Cited by 2,320
“Many more empirical reviews demonstrate that emotions cannot be considered natural kinds by analogy (in chronological order: James 1890/1998; Duffy 1934; Hunt 1941; Mandler 1975; Ortony & Turner 1990; Turner & Ortony 1992; Cacioppo et al. 2000; Russell 2003; Barrett 2006a; Barrett et al. 2007a;…”
InfluentialA neuropsychological theory of positive affect and its influence on cognition.
Ashby, F. G., Isen, A. M., & Turken, A. U. (1999) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.106.3.529 · Cited by 2,270
Positive affect facilitates creative problem solving.
Isen, A. M., Daubman, K. A., & Nowicki, G. P. (1987) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.52.6.1122 · Cited by 2,986
Rethinking the Emotional Brain
LeDoux, J. (2012) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.02.004 · Cited by 1,594
“…words that refer to feelings as a means of classifying and studying human emotions has been questioned by a number of authors over the years (e.g., Duffy, 1934, 1941; Mandler, 1975; Russell, 1991, 2003; Barrett, 2006a, 2006b; Kagan, 2007; Griffiths, 1997; Rorty, 1980; Dixon, 2001; Zachar, 2006).”
Positive Affect, Cognitive Processes, and Social Behavior
Isen, A. M. (1987) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60415-3 · Cited by 1,476
Phenomenology, behaviors, and goals differentiate discrete emotions.
Roseman, I. J., Wiest, C., & Swartz, T. S. (1994) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.67.2.206 · Cited by 1,161
Concept of emotion viewed from a prototype perspective.
Fehr, B., & Russell, J. A. (1984) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.113.3.464 · Cited by 1,075
The influence of positive affect on the unusualness of word associations.
Isen, A. M., Johnson, M. M. S., Mertz, E., & Robinson, G. F. (1985) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.48.6.1413 · Cited by 808
Exploring the Psychology of Interest
Silvia, P. J. (2006) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195158557.001.0001 · Cited by 756
Emotional Intensity Predicts Autobiographical Memory Experience
Talarico, J. M., LaBar, K. S., & Rubin, D. C. (2004) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03196886 · Cited by 556
Future thought and behaviour change
Oettingen, G. (2012) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2011.643698 · Cited by 504
Barrett, L. F. (2012) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0027555 · Cited by 503
The psychological significance of the concept of "arousal" or "activation."
Duffy, E. A. (1957) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0048837 · Cited by 493
Self-citationEmotional Responses to Art: From Collation and Arousal to Cognition and Emotion
Silvia, P. J. (2005) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.9.4.342 · Cited by 453
reconstructing the past: a century of ideas about emotion in psychology
Gendron, M., & Feldman Barrett, L. (2009) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073909338877 · Cited by 361
Reconceptualizing arousal: Psychobiological states in motor performance.
Neiss, R. (1988) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.345 · Cited by 347
Berlyne, D. E. (1978) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/bf00993037 · Cited by 352
Emotion in man and animal: an analysis of the intuitive processes of recognition.
Hebb, D. O. (1946) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0063033 · Cited by 326
The varieties of emotional experience: A meditation on James-Lange theory.
Lang, P. J. (1994) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.101.2.211 · Cited by 329
Lindquist, K. A. (2013) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073913489750 · Cited by 335
The role of facial response in the experience of emotion.
Tourangeau, R., & Ellsworth, P. C. (1979) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.37.9.1519 · Cited by 255
Cognitive Appraisals and Interest in Visual Art: Exploring an Appraisal Theory of Aesthetic Emotions
Silvia, P. J. (2005) · Empirical Studies of the Arts · doi:10.2190/12av-ah2p-mceh-289e · Cited by 240
Emotions conceptualized as intervening variables—with suggestions toward a theory of frustration.
Brown, J. S., & Farber, I. E. (1951) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0058839 · Cited by 236
How to Define Emotions Scientifically
Scarantino, A. (2012) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073912445810 · Cited by 243
Mental Contrasting and Goal Commitment: The Mediating Role of Energization
Oettingen, G., Mayer, D., Sevincer, A. T., Stephens, E. J., Pak, H.-J., & Hagenah, M. (2009) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167208330856 · Cited by 227
Lindquist, K. A., Siegel, E. H., Quigley, K. S., & Barrett, L. F. (2013) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0029038 · Cited by 245
In defense of a prototype approach to emotion concepts.
Russell, J. A. (1991) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.60.1.37 · Cited by 234
An Explanation of “Emotional” Phenomena without the use of the Concept “Emotion”
Duffy, E. A. (1941) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221309.1941.10544400 · Cited by 220
Self-citationPositive affect as a source of human strength.
Isen, A. M. (2003) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10566-013 · Cited by 221
Interaction of noise with knowledge of results and sleep deprivation.
Wilkinson, R. T. (1963) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0044161 · Cited by 213
A Constructionist Review of Morality and Emotions
Cameron, C. D., Lindquist, K. A., & Gray, K. J. (2015) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868314566683 · Cited by 220
Wilkinson, R. T. (1961) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0048787 · Cited by 199
Feelings and the body: the Jamesian perspective on autonomic specificity of emotion
Friedman, B. H. (2010) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2009.10.006 · Cited by 178
Towards a comparative science of emotion: Affect and consciousness in humans and animals
Paul, E. S., Sher, S., Tamietto, M., Winkielman, P., & Mendl, M. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.11.014 · Cited by 180
The concept of energy mobilization.
Duffy, E. A. (1951) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0054220 · Cited by 165
Self-citationRubin, D. C., & Talarico, J. M. (2009) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658210903130764 · Cited by 186
11. The effects of positive affect and arousal on working memory and executive attention
Ashby, F. G., Valentin, V. V., & Turken, A. U. (2002) · Advances in consciousness research · doi:10.1075/aicr.44.11ash · Cited by 160
The relationship of performance level to level of arousal.
Stennett, R. G. (1957) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0043340 · Cited by 146
Isen, A. M. (2002) · Cited by 131
The schizophrenias as nervous types.
CLARIDGE, G. S. (1972) · PubMed · Cited by 117
Navigating the Science of Emotion
Barrett, L. F. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-100508-8.00002-3 · Cited by 122
Positive fantasies about idealized futures sap energy
Kappes, H. B., & Oettingen, G. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2011.02.003 · Cited by 108
THE DEVELOPMENT OF SEMANTIC DIFFERENTIAL SCALES AS MEASURES OF “MORALE”
SCOTT, W. E. (1967) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1967.tb02278.x · Cited by 77
Mundy‐Castle, A. C. (1964) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/0013-4694(64)90202-0 · Cited by 75
State Regulation and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
van der Meere, J. (2005) · Contemporary clinical neuroscience · doi:10.1385/1-59259-891-9:413 · Cited by 72
Energetical Issues in Research on Human Information Processing
Hockey, G. R. J., COLES, M. G. H., & Gaillard, A. W. K. (1986) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-4448-0_1 · Cited by 68
Recent developments in the field of emotion.
Hunt, W. A. (1941) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0054615 · Cited by 65
Differential effects of arousal in positive and negative autobiographical memories
Ford, J. H., Addis, D. R., & Giovanello, K. S. (2012) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2012.704049 · Cited by 57
Ending arousal's reign of error: A reply to Anderson.
Neiss, R. (1990) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.107.1.101 · Cited by 53
Bohlin, G., & Kjellberg, A. (1973) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1973.tb00094.x · Cited by 52
A tale of two snarks: Emotional intelligence and emotional creativity compared.
Averill, J. R. (2004) · Cited by 51
Navigating the science of emotion
Barrett, L. F., & Westlin, C. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-821124-3.00002-8 · Cited by 49
Oatley, K. (2004) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1503_03 · Cited by 48
Adaptation in energy mobilization: changes in general level of palmar skin conductance.
Duffy, E. A., & Lacey, O. L. (1946) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0057250 · Cited by 44
Self-citationBerlyne, D. E. (1969) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1969.tb12997.x · Cited by 43
Silvia, P. J. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195158557.003.0003 · Cited by 42
Rice, H. J. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444328202.ch10 · Cited by 43
LeDoux, J. E. (1987) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.cp010510 · Cited by 41
Arousal, Suppression, and Persistence: Frustration Theory, Attention, and its Disorders
Amsel, A. (1990) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699939008410798 · Cited by 40
Mental Contrasting and Transfer of Energization
Sevincer, A. T., Busatta, P. D., & Oettingen, G. (2013) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167213507088 · Cited by 39
Arousal May Not Be Anything to Get Excited About
Smith, K. E., Woodard, K. A., & Pollak, S. D. (2024) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/17540739241303499 · Cited by 42
What are emotions and how are they created in the brain?
Lindquist, K. A., Wager, T. D., Bliss‐Moreau, E., Hedy Kober, A., & Barrett, L. F. (2012) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x1100183x · Cited by 38
Simpson, S., & Sheldon, S. (2019) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000603 · Cited by 36
THE BIOLOGY OF EMOTIONS AND OTHER FEELINGS
Pribram, K. H. (1980) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-558701-3.50016-8 · Cited by 30
Kohn, H. B. (1954) · The Journal of Genetic Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221325.1954.10532884 · Cited by 30
La validité psychométrique : un regard global sur le concept centenaire, sa genèse, ses avatars
André, N., Loye, N., & Laurencelle, L. (2016) · Mesure et évaluation en éducation · doi:10.7202/1036330ar · Cited by 26
Physiological gradients as indicants of "arousal" in mirror tracing.
Malmo, R. B., & Davis, J. F. (1956) · Canadian Journal of Psychology/Revue Canadienne de Psychologie · doi:10.1037/h0083674 · Cited by 26
Deconstructing the “Two Factors”: The Historical Origins of the Schachter–Singer Theory of Emotions
Dror, O. E. (2016) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073916639663 · Cited by 23
Situational Determinants of Behavior
Beckmann, J., & Heckhausen, H. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-65094-4_4 · Cited by 20
Future Thought and the Self-Regulation of Energization
Sevincer, A. T., & Oettingen, G. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-1236-0_21 · Cited by 20
Moeller, S. K., Robinson, M. D., & Bresin, K. (2010) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167210367487 · Cited by 20
Historical Trends in Motivation Research
Heckhausen, H. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-65094-4_2 · Cited by 20
Stephan, E., Shidlovski, D., & Sedikides, C. (2017) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2017.1314319 · Cited by 20
Laterality of subcortical involvement and psychological functions.
Riklan, M., & Levita, E. (1965) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0022295 · Cited by 20
Meaningful body talk: Emotional experiences with music-based group interactions
Wang, J., Luo, Q., & Li, M. (2024) · Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2024.105008 · Cited by 17
A MULTIDISCIPLINARY INVESTIGATION OF NEUROSURGICAL REHABILITATION IN BILATERAL PARKINSONISM*
Cooper, I. S., Riklan, M., Stellar, S., Waltz, J. M., Levita, E., Ribera, V. A., & Zimmerman, J. (1968) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1968.tb02755.x · Cited by 17
Eder, A. B., & Brosch, T. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-53898-8_7 · Cited by 19
"A motivational theory of emotions… ."
Webb, W. B. (1948) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0062999 · Cited by 15
Self-Regulation: Principles and Tools
Oettingen, G., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (2015) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139565790.002 · Cited by 14
Psychophysiology and Clinical Psychology
Stern, J. A., & Plapp, J. M. (1969) · Current topics in clinical and community psychology · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4831-9972-6.50010-x · Cited by 13
Aesthetic Appreciation Explicated
Axelsson, Ö. (2011) · DiVA (Stockholm University) · Cited by 13
Affective behavior modification: A case for empirical investigation
Lee, C. (1987) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0005-7916(87)90002-4 · Cited by 12
From emotional arousal to executive action. Role of the prefrontal cortex
Brudzyński, S. M., Burgdorf, J. S., & Moskal, J. R. (2024) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-024-02837-w · Cited by 11
Efficient Decoding of Affective States from Video-elicited EEG Signals: An Empirical Investigation
Latifzadeh, K., Gozalpour, N., Traver, V. J., Ruotsalo, T., Kawala‐Sterniuk, A., & Leiva, L. A. (2024) · ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing Communications and Applications · doi:10.1145/3663669 · Cited by 10
Entwicklungslinien der Motivationsforschung
Heckhausen, H. (1989) · Springer-Lehrbuch · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-08870-8_2 · Cited by 10
Arousal, Gray’s theory of anxiety, and the etiology of psychopathy
Fowles, D. C. (2024) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2024.108772 · Cited by 10
The Schizophrenias as Nervous Types
CLARIDGE, G. S. (1972) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/s0007125000001239 · Cited by 10
ANCW: Affective norms for 4030 Chinese words
Ying, L., Ruyang, Y., Ni, C., Yeqing, W., Liu, Q., Yufan, Z., & Gao, F. (2023) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-023-02226-x · Cited by 8
Fahrenberg, J. (1979) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-66927-9_3 · Cited by 8
Some effects of drugs on rats in varying conditions of sensory stimulation
King, A. R. (1964) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf00404244 · Cited by 8
The Psychological Significance of the Concept of “Arousal” or “Activation”
Duffy, E. A. (1979) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-011-6214-2_2 · Cited by 7
Self-citationManstead, A. S. R., & van der Pligt, J. (2002) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1301_02 · Cited by 8
Situative Determinanten des Verhaltens
Beckmann, J., & Heckhausen, H. (2010) · Springer-Lehrbuch · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-12693-2_4 · Cited by 6
Ascending Activating Systems of the Brain for Emotional Arousal
Brudzyński, S. M., Silkstone, M., & Mulvihill, K. G. (2018) · Handbook of behavioral neuroscience · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809600-0.00023-8 · Cited by 8
Entwicklungslinien der Motivationsforschung
Heckhausen, H. (2018) · Springer-Lehrbuch · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-53927-9_2 · Cited by 6
Mental contrasting and energization transfer to low-expectancy tasks
Sevincer, A. T., Plakides, A., & Oettingen, G. (2022) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-022-09963-0 · Cited by 6
Hoehne, S. (2023) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2023.2207803 · Cited by 8
ISSUES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF EMOTION IN INFANCY
Murphy, L. B. (1983) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-558702-0.50007-8 · Cited by 6
Eder, A. B., & Brosch, T. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-68476-4_7 · Cited by 5
En defensa de una aproximación a los conceptos emocionales desde la perspectiva de los prototipos
Russell, J. A. (1992) · International Journal of Social Psychology Revista de Psicología Social · doi:10.1080/02134748.1992.10821656 · Cited by 4
Metadata
- Authors
- Duffy, E.
- Corresponding author
- Duffy, Elizabeth
- ORCID
- Duffy, Elizabeth
- Venue
- Psychological Review
- Published
- 1934-03
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 184-198
- ISSN
- 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1471
- OpenAlex
- W2045049249
- Cited by
- 156
- References
- 7
- Citations by year
- 2025: 4 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 4.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › General Psychology › Academic and Historical Perspectives in Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
- Keywords
- emotions, emotion theory, emotional experience
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
