The DOI matches its Crossref record; 51 of the 51 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Optimal time lags in panel studies.
Abstract
Cross-lagged regression coefficients are frequently used to test hypotheses in panel designs. However, these coefficients have particular properties making them difficult to interpret. In particular, cross-lagged regression coefficients may vary, depending on the respective time lags between different sets of measurement occasions. This article introduces the concept of an optimal time lag. Further, it is demonstrated that optimal time lags in panel studies are related to the stabilities of the variables investigated, and that in unidirectional systems, they may be unrelated to the size of possible true effects. The results presented also suggest that optimal time lags for panel designs are usually quite short. Implications are (a) that interpreting cross-lagged regression coefficients requires taking the time lag between measurement occasions into account, and (b) that in much research, far shorter time lags than those frequently found in the literature are justifiable, and we call for more "shortitudinal" studies in the future.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Nonetheless, Dormann and Griffin [77] recommend using shorter time lags of less than one year, even with high stabilities, because of other influential factors, such as unmeasured third variables.”
From Procrastination, depression and anxiety symptoms in university students: a three-wave longitudinal study on the mediating role of perceived stress (2024) · cites this paper as [77]
In the citing paper
“The choice of the measurement interval was guided by the principle that time lags in panel studies should correspond to the expected speed of the underlying processes”
From Algorithmic short-video music consumption and academic related functions: a three-wave longitudinal study of university students (2026) · cites this paper as Dormann and Griffin, 2015
In the citing paper
“As the outcomes of these longitudinal models depend largely on the time-interval between observations41,42, the annual nature of the data needs to be considered.”
From Windows of developmental sensitivity to social media (2022) · cites this paper as [42]
Citations
Cites
Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
Cohen, P., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2014) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410606266 · Cited by 20,870
Essentials of Psychological Testing
Rosner, B., & Cronbach, L. J. (1960) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1419921 · Cited by 4,524
Griffeth, R. W., Hom, P. W., & Gaertner, S. (2000) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/014920630002600305 · Cited by 4,063
Cole, D. A., & Maxwell, S. E. (2003) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.112.4.558 · Cited by 3,605
Uses and abuses of coefficient alpha
Schmitt, N. (1996) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.8.4.350 · Cited by 2,588
Does low self-esteem predict depression and anxiety? A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies.
Sowislo, J. F., & Orth, U. (2013) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0028931 · Cited by 2,123
Forming attitudes that predict future behavior: A meta-analysis of the attitude-behavior relation.
Glasman, L. R., & Albarracín, D. (2006) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.5.778 · Cited by 1,459
Kenny, D. A. (1979) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,376
Zapf, D., Dormann, C., & Frese, M. (1996) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/1076-8998.1.2.145 · Cited by 1,174
Self-citation"The very best of the millennium": Longitudinal research and the demand-control-(support) model.
de Lange, A., Taris, T. W., Kompier, M. A. J., Houtman, I. L. D., & Bongers, P. M. (2003) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/1076-8998.8.4.282 · Cited by 1,105
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 401–500 of 857
Benson, P. R. (2023) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2023.102133 · Cited by 14
Tran, T. D., Lesaffre, E. M. E. H., Verbeke, G. N., & Duyck, J. A. J. (2020) · Biometrics · doi:10.1111/biom.13292 · Cited by 10
Rodríguez-Hidalgo, C., Tan, E. S., Verlegh, P. W. J., Beyens, I., & Kühne, R. (2020) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1093/jcmc/zmaa006 · Cited by 9
Mixed-Effects Models with Crossed Random Effects for Multivariate Longitudinal Data
Martínez‐Huertas, J. Á., & Ferrer, E. E. (2022) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705511.2022.2108430 · Cited by 9
Can Mindfulness Buffer Against Negative Effects of Job Demands for Military and Police Personnel?
Krick, A., Felfe, J., & Klebe, L. (2023) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000002805 · Cited by 9
Dogra, P., Parrey, A. H., Bhawna, B., & Akram, U. (2024) · Global Knowledge, Memory and Communication · doi:10.1108/gkmc-09-2023-0344 · Cited by 9
van den Brink, B., Jongkind, M., Delespaul, P., Braam, A. W., Schaap‐Jonker, H., & Giltay, E. J. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.05.139 · Cited by 8
Perrier, A., Akremi, A. E., Manville, C., & Molines, M. (2024) · Public Administration Review · doi:10.1111/puar.13893 · Cited by 13
Griep, Y., Kraak, J. M., Knol, W. M., Dolislager, J., & Beekman, E. M. (2024) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2024.115141 · Cited by 12
RetractedSuddenly enlightened: awe promotes wise reasoning via self-transcendence
Wang, Y., Jiang, T., & Yan, W. (2025) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2025.2461570 · Cited by 9
Guenthner, L., Kühner, C., Masson, T., Fritsche, I., & Zacher, H. (2025) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/1359432x.2025.2536830 · Cited by 12
Klingelhoefer, J., Gilbert, A., Adrian, C., & Meier, A. (2025) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1093/joc/jqaf037 · Cited by 8
Ehm, J.-H., Hasselhorn, M., & Schmiedek, F. (2021) · Zeitschrift für Pädagogische Psychologie · doi:10.1024/1010-0652/a000303 · Cited by 11
Short-Term Effects of Short-Term Work
Rauvola, R. S., Rudolph, C. W., & Zacher, H. (2022) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000002537 · Cited by 8
Hoogendijk, C., Tick, N. T., Hofman, R. H., Windig, R., Holland, J. G., Severiens, S. E., Vuijk, P., & van Veen, D. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03319-0 · Cited by 8
Groß, D., Schröder, I., Wasserfall, N., Eschenbeck, H., & Kohlmann, C. (2022) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.12396 · Cited by 8
Jaleel, A., Rabbani, S., & Sarmad, M. (2025) · Career Development International · doi:10.1108/cdi-11-2023-0412 · Cited by 10
Thun, E., Sivertsen, B., Knapstad, M., & Smith, O. R. F. (2019) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000676 · Cited by 9
High Performance Work Systems, Justice, and Engagement: Does Bullying Throw a Spanner in the Works?
Baillien, E., Salin, D., Bastiaensen, C. V. M., & Notelaers, G. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19095583 · Cited by 12
Wiese, B. S., & Stertz, A. M. (2022) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/apps.12412 · Cited by 8
Social Media Self-Effects on Adolescents’ Self-Esteem: A 100-Day Diary StudyPreprint
de Vaate, N. A. J. D. B., Valkenburg, P. M., Janssen, L. H. C., van der Wal, A., Keijsers, L., & Beyens, I. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/qre85 · Cited by 11
Lee, K. S., Lebowitz, E. R., Silverman, W. K., & Tseng, W. (2023) · JCPP Advances · doi:10.1002/jcv2.12192 · Cited by 7
Geisler, M., Buratti, S., & Allwood, C. M. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0293837 · Cited by 12
Hai, S., & Park, I. (2023) · Chinese Management Studies · doi:10.1108/cms-03-2023-0104 · Cited by 7
Song, Y., & Min, D. (2024) · Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/asi.24946 · Cited by 7
Kottwitz, M. U., Kälin, W., & Otto, K. (2025) · Occupational Health Science · doi:10.1007/s41542-025-00227-0 · Cited by 7
Stevic, A., Lee, A. Y., Liu, S., & Hancock, J. T. (2025) · Social Media + Society · doi:10.1177/20563051251346888 · Cited by 8
Erdem, H. D., Herrero, J., & Urueña, A. (2025) · Psychosocial Intervention · doi:10.5093/pi2025a15 · Cited by 9
Kim, B.-J., & Lee, J. (2026) · Sustainable Development · doi:10.1002/sd.70705 · Cited by 9
Boyle, R. E., Jonker, L., Xirasagar, S., Okut, H., & Badgett, R. G. (2023) · Health Services Management Research · doi:10.1177/09514848231179175 · Cited by 8
Reciprocal Effects of Sickness Presence, Job Satisfaction, and Health: A Six-Wave Longitudinal Study
Dietz, C., & Zacher, H. (2023) · Occupational Health Science · doi:10.1007/s41542-023-00154-y · Cited by 7
Shuming, F., Zhang, J., & Zhang, L. (2023) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-023-01934-z · Cited by 7
Vignoli, M., Costantini, A., Ceschi, A., & Perinelli, E. (2024) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1002/ijop.13127 · Cited by 8
Watrin, L., Nordin, S., Szemerszky, R., Wilhelm, O., Witthöft, M., & Köteles, F. (2021) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2021.111774 · Cited by 8
Bălăceanu, A., Vîrgă, D., & Maricutoiu, L. P. (2021) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/sjp.2021.45 · Cited by 7
López, A. A., Neves, P., & González‐Morales, M. G. (2021) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/apps.12354 · Cited by 10
Joshanloo, M. (2022) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2022.2098755 · Cited by 10
Worker aging, control, and well-being: A specification curve analysis
Rauvola, R. S., & Rudolph, C. W. (2023) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.103833 · Cited by 9
Koon, V. (2024) · Business Strategy & Development · doi:10.1002/bsd2.381 · Cited by 8
Gandy, M., Karin, E., Jones, M. P., McDonald, S., Sharpe, L., Titov, N., & Dear, B. F. (2018) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.1239 · Cited by 6
Sedefoglu, D., Ohly, S., Schmitt, A., & Göritz, A. S. (2024) · Frontiers in Organizational Psychology · doi:10.3389/forgp.2024.1359541 · Cited by 12
Lu, Y., & Zhou, H. (2025) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-07638-w · Cited by 6
Kim, B., Lee, S., & Lee, J. (2025) · Sustainable Development · doi:10.1002/sd.3470 · Cited by 6
Friehs, M., Reveco, A. P., Schäfer, S. J., González, R., & Christ, O. (2025) · Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/casp.70105 · Cited by 7
Pan, B., Xiang, J., & Qin, C. (2025) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2025.146571 · Cited by 6
Dormann, C. (2022) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/sjp.2022.16 · Cited by 6
Self-citationKonradt, U., Nath, A., Krys, S., & Heblich, F. (2022) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-022-00948-9 · Cited by 11
Cîrșmari, M. I., Rus, C. L., Trif, S., & Fodor, O. C. (2023) · Cognitie, Creier, Comportament · doi:10.24193/cbb.2023.27.07 · Cited by 7
Jawahar, I. M. “., Schreurs, B. H. J., & Abedini, M. (2024) · Personnel Review · doi:10.1108/pr-05-2024-0467 · Cited by 7
Kern, M., Ohly, S., Ďuranová, L., & Friedrichs, J. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1439070 · Cited by 6
Yılmaz, S., & Ozaner, D. Ş. (2025) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su17031330 · Cited by 8
Glaser, J., Hornung, S., Höge, T., & Seubert, C. (2017) · Advances in intelligent systems and computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-60828-0_26 · Cited by 7
Testing the predictive and theoretical validity of the network uncertainty measure
Stein, J. B. (2021) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/pere.12369 · Cited by 6
Binder, A., & Matthes, J. (2023) · Pediatric Obesity · doi:10.1111/ijpo.13018 · Cited by 11
Speyer, L. G., Obsuth, I., Eisner, M., Ribeaud, D., & Murray, A. L. (2023) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/02724316231210254 · Cited by 6
The Role of the Leader in Fostering Employee Resilient Behaviors
Caniëls, M. C. J., & Stynen, D. (2022) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000002652 · Cited by 7
Raufelder, D., Steinberg, O., Viljaranta, J., Poikkeus, A., & Vasalampi, K. (2024) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2024.102555 · Cited by 7
Kim, J., Kaplan, S. A., Aitken, J. A., & Ponce, L. P. (2025) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-07788-x · Cited by 11
Russell, A., Hoxha, D., & Murray, A. L. (2025) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-025-02752-3 · Cited by 5
How does leader mindfulness affect team resilience: from the lens of team knowledge inertia
Liu, B., Zhang, X., & Dong, X. (2025) · Journal of Knowledge Management · doi:10.1108/jkm-10-2024-1203 · Cited by 6
Khanam, A., Sadaf, S., & Tarab, S. (2025) · Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Administration · doi:10.1108/apjba-12-2024-0682 · Cited by 5
Kim, B., & Lee, J. (2025) · Journal of Innovation & Knowledge · doi:10.1016/j.jik.2025.100803 · Cited by 8
Egoistic values as antecedent and outcome of environmental activism
Reindl, G., & Zacher, H. (2025) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/apps.70034 · Cited by 10
Fasbender, U., Froidevaux, A., & Klehe, U. (2025) · Human Resource Management · doi:10.1002/hrm.70036 · Cited by 5
McMurtrie, B. L., Roemer, A., Philipp, M. C., Hebden, R. T., & Williams, M. N. (2025) · International Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.5334/irsp.1052 · Cited by 6
Nielsen, M. B., Gjerstad, J., & Einarsen, S. V. (2023) · Scandinavian Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.16993/sjwop.193 · Cited by 11
Nielsen, M. B., Finne, L. B., Johannessen, H. A., & Christensen, J. O. (2024) · Child & Family Social Work · doi:10.1111/cfs.13198 · Cited by 9
Nerona, R. R., Hood, M., Bialocerkowski, A., & Creed, P. A. (2024) · Journal of Career Assessment · doi:10.1177/10690727241287531 · Cited by 8
Stein, M., Kühner, C., & Zacher, H. (2025) · Organization & Environment · doi:10.1177/10860266251376758 · Cited by 7
Analyzing Longitudinal Multirater Data with Individually Varying Time Intervals
Koch, T., Voelkle, M. C., & Driver, C. (2022) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705511.2022.2096612 · Cited by 5
On the relevance of considering temporal dynamics in loneliness research
Scholz, U. (2022) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.12422 · Cited by 6
Gupta, A., & Reina, C. S. (2023) · Group & Organization Management · doi:10.1177/10596011231161817 · Cited by 5
Hasl, A., Voelkle, M. C., Driver, C., Kretschmann, J., & Brunner, M. (2023) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705511.2023.2224515 · Cited by 5
KÜÇÜK, B. A. (2023) · Business Perspectives and Research · doi:10.1177/22785337231183267 · Cited by 7
An Introduction to Time and Fractals: Perspectives in Economics, Entrepreneurship, and Management
Faghih, N. (2023) · Contributions to management science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-38188-1_1 · Cited by 5
Oh, Y., Morgan, P. L., Greenberg, M. T., Zucker, T. A., & Landry, S. H. (2024) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13950 · Cited by 33
Financial stress and quit intention: the mediating role of entrepreneurs’ affective commitment
Kleine, A., Schmitt, A., & Wisse, B. M. (2024) · International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal · doi:10.1007/s11365-024-00972-8 · Cited by 7
Another trip? Functional and dysfunctional coping with business travel
Weiss, M., & Zacher, H. (2024) · Journal of Managerial Psychology · doi:10.1108/jmp-09-2023-0524 · Cited by 5
The Role and Development of Psychological Capital in the Context of Academia
Kugler, S., Kuonath, A., Mausz, I., & Frey, D. (2025) · International Journal of Applied Positive Psychology · doi:10.1007/s41042-025-00230-4 · Cited by 9
When and Why Does Passion for Work Predict Well- and Ill-Being?
Fernet, C., Trépanier, S., Austin, S., & Clément, L. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190648626.003.0009 · Cited by 5
Bülow, A., van Roekel, E., Boele, S., Denissen, J. J. A., & Keijsers, L. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/bncxv · Cited by 5
Falco, A., Girardi, D., Elfering, A., Peric, T., Pividori, I., & Corso, L. D. (2023) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202303.0199.v1 · Cited by 4
Verbeij, T., Beyens, I., Keijsers, L., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/a9ksb · Cited by 5
Zhang, P., & Zhang, H. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1764648 · Cited by 10
Dantchev, S., Dieter Wolke, C., & Zemp, M. (2023) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/fam0001090 · Cited by 4
Relational spirals and thriving: A longitudinal investigation of older workers
Amarnani, R. K., Huang, M., Bordia, P., Sykes‐Bridge, I., & Garcia, P. (2024) · Human Resource Management · doi:10.1002/hrm.22241 · Cited by 5
Are basic psychological needs linked to collective narcissism and secure ingroup identity?
Eker, İ., & Cichocka, A. K. (2024) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2024.2421776 · Cited by 4
Peng, J., Wu, L., & Yin, K. (2025) · Human Resource Management · doi:10.1002/hrm.70031 · Cited by 4
Lee, J., & Choi, J. (2024) · Online Information Review · doi:10.1108/oir-11-2023-0582 · Cited by 4
Milson, R., & Madigan, D. J. (2024) · Journal of Media Psychology Theories Methods and Applications · doi:10.1027/1864-1105/a000434 · Cited by 6
Loher, M., Steinhoff, A., Bechtiger, L., Ribeaud, D., Eisner, M., Shanahan, L., & Quednow, B. B. (2024) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-024-02536-1 · Cited by 4
Time to BeReal! Exploring users’ well-being in relation to BeReal use duration
Kaňková, J., Stević, A., Binder, A., & Matthes, J. (2025) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/14614448251317689 · Cited by 5
Kanar, A. M., & Bouckenooghe, D. (2025) · Academy of Management Learning and Education · doi:10.5465/amle.2022.0435 · Cited by 4
Stability, Reciprocity, and Antecedent-Outcome Relations of Different Job Crafting Forms
Ebert, T., Bipp, T., & Debus, M. E. (2025) · Occupational Health Science · doi:10.1007/s41542-025-00230-5 · Cited by 6
McLinton, S. S., Loh, M. Y., Dollard, M. F., Afsharian, A., & Tuckey, M. R. (2025) · Safety Science · doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2025.106901 · Cited by 4
Feldon, D. F., & Litson, K. (2021) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-021-09596-8 · Cited by 5
Burgess, M. G., Brough, P. A., Raper, M. J., & Chan, X. W. (2022) · International Journal of Stress Management · doi:10.1037/str0000268 · Cited by 5
Nawrocka, S., Witte, H. D., Pasini, M., & Brondino, M. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20075280 · Cited by 4
Let sleeping dogs lie? How to deal with the night gap problem in ESM dataPreprint
Berkhout, S. W., Schuurman, N. K., & Hamaker, E. L. (2024) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/2hec8 · Cited by 6
Do employee perception of HR training quality and manager innovation signals employee thrive?
Koon, V., & Yulita, Y. (2024) · Creativity and Innovation Management · doi:10.1111/caim.12619 · Cited by 4
Metadata
- Authors
- Dormann, C., & Griffin, M. A.
- Affiliations
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (DE)
- The University of Western Australia (AU)
- Venue
- Psychological Methods
- Published
- 2015
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 489-505
- ISSN
- 1082-989X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1463
- OpenAlex
- W2411399476
- Cited by
- 856
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 176 · 2025: 134 · 2024: 113 · 2023: 88 · 2022: 86 · 2021: 79 · 2020: 50 · 2019: 51 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 3
- FWCI
- 22.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Methods (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UniSA Research Outputs Repository (University of South Australia) (acceptedVersion)
- UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (submittedVersion)
- Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion)
- eSpace (Curtin University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Keywords
- panel survey
- MeSH terms
- Child, Depression, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Regression Analysis, Research Design, Time Factors, Models, Statistical
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review