Working Memory and Information Processing in ADHD: Evidence for Directionality of Effects
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: Children with ADHD demonstrate impaired performance on a wide range of neuropsychological tests. It is unclear, however, whether ADHD is associated with many neurocognitive deficits or whether a small number of impairment(s) broadly influence test performance. The current study tests competing model predictions regarding two candidate causal mechanisms in ADHD: information processing speed and working memory. METHOD: = 41) completed eight fully crossed experimental tasks that systematically manipulated working memory (BF₁₀ = 1.80 × 10⁹³) and information processing speed (drift rate; BF₁₀ = 7.61 × 10⁶). RESULTS: Bayesian mixed-model ANOVAs indicated that increasing working memory demands produced significant reductions in information processing speed (drift rate; BF₁₀ = 5.82 × 10⁹⁶). In contrast, experimentally reducing children's information processing speed did not significantly change their working memory performance (BF₁₀ = 1.31). ADHD status interacted with the working memory manipulation, such that the ADHD and non-ADHD groups showed equivalently high accuracy under the encoding-only conditions (BF₀₁ = 3.45) but differed significantly under high working memory conditions (encoding + recall; BF₁₀ = 19.58). Importantly, however, ADHD status failed to interact with (a) the working memory manipulation to differentially affect information processing speed and (b) the information processing speed manipulation to differentially affect working memory performance (all BF₀₁ > 4.25). CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that top-down executive control exerts significant effects on children's ability to quickly process information, but that working memory deficits and slowed information processing speed appear to be relatively independent impairments in ADHD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Environmental demands that challenge working memory interact with a preexisting neurobiological vulnerability (e.g., underdeveloped cortical structures that support working memory) to produce secondary impairments including goal maintenance failures, reduced information processing efficiency, and reduced attentional filtering, which in turn result in failure to inhibit when needed and more general
“In this view, environmental demands that challenge working memory (in this case by adding a concurrent memory load) interact with a preexisting neurobiological vulnerability (e.g., underdeveloped cortical structures that support working memory; 44) to produce secondary impairments including goal maintenance failures (61), reduced information processing efficiency (85), and reduced attentional”
From Working memory and inhibitory control deficits in children with ADHD: an experimental evaluation of competing model predictions (2024) · cites this paper as [85]
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 1 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredWorking memory appears to affect response speeds more similarly for children with ADHD and/or anxiety.
“In contrast, working memory appears to affect response speeds more similarly for children with ADHD and/or anxiety, which is broadly consistent with prior experimental and RCT findings (55, 85, 115).”
From Working memory and inhibitory control deficits in children with ADHD: an experimental evaluation of competing model predictions (2024) · cites this paper as [85]
The Results report that increasing working-memory demands reduced information-processing speed (measured as drift rate), without a differential effect between children with and without ADHD. The study does not establish the same pattern for children with anxiety, and its measured outcome is not response speed itself. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe current findings are consistent with evidence from the cognitive literature and prior ADHD experimental work implicating working memory capacity as a core, underlying mechanism that broadly affects performance across a variety of neurocognitive tasks.
“Overall, the current findings are consistent with evidence from the cognitive literature and prior ADHD experimental work implicating working memory capacity as a core, underlying mechanism that broadly affects performance across a variety of neurocognitive tasks (e.g., 85, 115).”
From Working memory and inhibitory control deficits in children with ADHD: an experimental evaluation of competing model predictions (2024) · cites this paper as [85]
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe comparison between clinical and control groups revealed clear differences in cognitive indices linked to executive functioning, consistent with previous research.
“First, the comparison between the clinical and control groups revealed clear differences in cognitive indices linked to executive functioning, consistent with previous research [35, 44, 45, 46].”
From ADHD, Subtypes and Cognitive Performance: WISC-V as a Support Tool for Diagnostic Assessment (2026) · cites this paper as [44]
It remains unclear whether the pattern of difficulties reflects multiple, distinct impairments or may be more parsimoniously accounted for by a single deficit that broadly affects performance.
“However, it remains unclear whether this pattern reflects multiple, distinct impairments or may be more parsimoniously accounted for by a single deficit that broadly affects performance (85, 86).”
From Working memory and inhibitory control deficits in children with ADHD: an experimental evaluation of competing model predictions (2024) · cites this paper as [85]
The pattern of results was consistent with prior experimental evidence demonstrating that occupying children's limited capacity working memory system disrupts computationally modeled processing speed for children with and without ADHD.
“This pattern of results was consistent with prior experimental evidence demonstrating that occupying children’s limited capacity working memory system disrupts computationally modeled processing speed for children with and without ADHD (85).”
From Working memory and inhibitory control deficits in children with ADHD: an experimental evaluation of competing model predictions (2024) · cites this paper as [85]
Anxiety may be associated with small impairments, or potentially a small strength, across executive functions, and thus the obtained effect sizes may be modest over- or under-estimates of ADHD-related impairments more broadly.
“Although both ADHD groups differentiated themselves from the anxiety disorders comparison group, and the anxiety group performed similarly to the non-ADHD groups in our prior experiments (with non-overlapping samples; e.g., 63, 85), anxiety may be associated with small impairments, or potentially a small strength, across executive functions and thus the obtained effect sizes may be modest over- or”
From Working memory and inhibitory control deficits in children with ADHD: an experimental evaluation of competing model predictions (2024) · cites this paper as [85]
The Results (Preliminary Analyses; page unavailable) report that the ADHD and non-ADHD groups had similar rates of anxiety disorders, but do not compare executive-function performance by anxiety status. The Discussion (Limitations; page unavailable) notes that matching groups on other disorders was imperfect; it does not say whether anxiety confers a small impairment or strength, or whether it biases ADHD effect sizes. Searches for anxiety-related executive-function performance and effect-size over- or underestimation found no decisive passage. (LLM, conf=0.70)
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- Authors
- Kofler, M. J., Soto, E. F., Fosco, W. D., Irwin, L. N., Wells, E. L., & Sarver, D. E.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Neuropsychology
- Published
- 2020-02
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 127-143
- ISSN
- 0894-4105 (ISSN-L)
- 1931-1559
- PMC
- PMC6987009
- OpenAlex
- W2980410200
- Cited by
- 42
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 2
- FWCI
- 2.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Neuropsychology (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (R34 MH102499-01)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, working memory, processing speed, drift rate, executive function, children, causal mechanisms, neuropsychological deficits
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Bayes Theorem, Child, Cognition, Female, Humans, Male, Memory Disorders, Memory, Short-Term, Neuropsychological Tests, Reaction Time, Mental Recall, Executive Function
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